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Direct Current Circuits
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PHYSICS LECTURE NOTES PHYS
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Contents
Direct Current Circuits
Basic Concepts
Current
Potential Difference
Resistance and Ohm's Law
The Schematic Diagram
Electromotive Force (EMF)
Ground
Kirchoff's Laws
Series and Parallel Combinations of Resistors
Voltage Divider
Current Divider
Branch Current Method
Loop Current Method
Equivalent Circuits
Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems
Determination of Thevenin and Norton Circuit Elements
Problems
Alternating Current Circuits
AC Circuit Elements
Capacitance
Inductance
Circuit Equations
RC Circuit
RL Circuit
LC Circuit
RCL Circuit
Sinusoidal Sources and Complex Impedance
Resistive Impedance
Capacitive Impedance
Inductive Impedance
Combined Impedances
Resonance and the Transfer Function
Four-Terminal Networks
Single-Term Approximations of
H
Problems
Filter Circuits
Filters and Amplifiers
Log-Log Plots and Decibels
Passive RC Filters
Low-Pass Filter
Approximate Integrater
High-Pass Filter
Approximate Differentiator
Complex Frequencies and the
s
-Plane
Poles and Zeros of
H
Sequential RC Filters
Passive RCL Filters
Series RCL Circuit
Amplifier Model
One-, Two- and Three-Pole Amplifier Models
Amplifier with Negative Feedback
Problems
Diode Circuits
Energy Levels
The PN Junction and the Diode Effect
Current in the Diode
The PN Diode as a Circuit Element
The Zener Diode
Light-Emitting Diodes
Light-Sensitive Diodes
Circuit Applications of Ordinary Diodes
Power Supplies
Rectification
Power Supply Filtering
Split Power Supply
Voltage Multiplier
Clamping
Clipping
Diode Gate
Diode Protection
Problems
Transistor Circuits
Bipolar Junction Transistors
Transistor Operation (NPN)
Basic Circuit Configurations
Small-Signal Models
Ideal and Perfect Bipolar Transistor Models
Transconductance Model
The Common Emitter Amplifier
DC Biasing
Approximate AC Model
The Basic CE Amplifier
CE Amplifier with Emitter Resistor
The Common Collector Amplifier
The Common Base Amplifier
The Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)
Principles of Operation
Small-Signal AC Model
JFET Common Source Amplifier
JFET Common Drain Amplifier
The Insulated-Gate Field Effect Transistor
Power MOSFET Circuits
Multiple Transistor Circuits
Coupling Between Single Transistor Stages
Darlington and Sziklai Connections
Problems
Operational Amplifiers
Open-Loop Amplifiers
Ideal Amplifier Approximation
Non-inverting Amplifiers
Inverting Amplifiers
Mathematical Operations
Current Summing Amplifier
Differentiation Circuit
Integration Circuit
Active Filters
General Feedback Elements
Differential Amplifiers
Analysis Using Finite Open-Loop Gain
Output Impedance
Input Impedance
Voltage and Current Offsets
Current Limiting and Slew Rate
Problems
Digital Circuits
Number Systems
Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
Number Representation
Boolean Algebra
Logic Gates
Combinational Logic
Combinational Logic Design Using Truth Tables
The AND-OR Gate
Exclusive-OR Gate
Timing Diagrams
Signal Race
Half and Full Adders
Multiplexers and Decoders
Schmitt Trigger
The Data Bus
Two-State Storage Elements
Latches and Un-Clocked Flip-Flops
Latches
RS and Flip-Flops
Clocked Flip-Flops
Clocked RS Flip-Flop
D Flip-Flop
JK Flip-Flop
Dynamically Clocked Flip-Flops
Master/Slave or Pulse Triggering
Edge Triggering
One-Shots
Registers
Data Registers
Shift Registers
Counters
Divide-by-N Counters
Problems
Data Acquisition and Process Control
Transducers
Signal Conditioning Circuits
De-bouncing the Mechanical Switch
Op Amps for Gain, Offset and Function Modification
Sample-and-Hold Amplifiers
Gated Charge-to-Voltage Amplifier
Comparator
Oscillators
Application to Interval Timers
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Current Summing and IC Devices
DAC Limitations
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Parallel-Encoding ADC (flash ADC)
Successive-Approximation ADC
Dual-Slope ADC
Time-to-Digital Conversion
Problems
Computers and Device Interconnection
Elements of the Microcomputer
Microprocessor and Microcomputer
Functional Elements of the Computer
Mechanical Arrangement
Addressing Devices on the Bus
Control of the Bus
Clock Lines
Random Access Memory
Read-Only Memory
I/O Ports
Interrupts
8-, 16-, or 32-Bit Busses
About this document ...
Doug Gingrich
Tue Jul 13 16:55:15 EDT 1999