Integration is obtained by reversing the resistor and the capacitor as shown in figure 6.11. The capacitor is now in the feedback loop.
Figure 6.11: Integration circuit.
Analysis gives
or
Using dV/dt=I/C gives
and thus the same result as above.
The frequency response is shown in figure 6.12.
Figure 6.12: Integration circuit frequency response.
We can combine the above inverting, summing, offset, differentiation and integration circuits to build an analog computer that can solve differential equations. However, today, the differentiators and integrators are mainly used to condition signals.