Samuel, T.J. "Economic adaptation of refugees in Canada: experience of a quarter century" International Migration 22(l) 1984: 45-55.

The economic adaptation of refugees in Canada is examined using the variables of employment, occupation and income. The major groups of refugees examined are: Hungarians, Czechoslovaks, Uganda Asians, Chileans and Indochinese. Data are mainly from the Department of Employment and Immigration Canada. It is found that the vast majority of refugee groups that came to Canada during the last quarter century seem to have adjusted well economically as seen from their employment/unemployment experiences and levels of income, despite having had difficulties entering the occupations they intended to join. (Copyright 1985, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Sehl, M and J. Naidoo. "The adaptation of Salvadorean refugees in Canada" Multiculturalism 9(l) 1985: 25-27.

Shisana, Olive and David D. Celentano. "Depressive symptomatology among Namibian adolescent refugees" Social Science and Medicine 21(11) 1985: 1251-1257.

Data from the Beck Depression Inventory are used to assess the prevalence of symptoms of depression in a group of 56 Namibian refugees aged 12-23 residing in a Sub-Saharan (Africa) host country. Also measured were social support and chronic stress. Contrary to expectations, the rates of self-reported symptoms were quite frequent, with many symptoms reported as moderate or severe by a large proportion. Using a stress model to explore these data, it is demonstrated that social support ameliorates the effects of chronic stress, as represented by the length of time in exile. Which adaptation, acculturation, and adolescent developmental demands result in self-reports of depressive symptoms these demands are lessened in intensity by a strong social support system, which is especially helpful early in the exile period. (Copyright 1987, Sociological Abstracts, Inc. all rights reserved.)

Sinclair, Margaret. "Education and training for out-of-school Afghan refugees youth and adults in Pakistan" Convergence 23(3) 1990: 49-58.

Simmons, Alan B. and Kieran Keohane. "Canadian immigration policy: state strategies and the quest for legitimacy" Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 29(4) 1992: 421-452.

Although the state may appear to be a hegemonic, self-interested leader in directing immigration policy in Canada, challenges from various interest groups influence outcomes. Aiming to perpetuate national economic security, pursue a rational bureaucratic agenda, and attain legitimacy, the state anticipates criticism of immigration policy from interest groups, tries to undermine oppositional strategies, and mediates major social conflicts. Here, policy formulations, 1986-1990, concerning laws restricting refugee inflows are examined, identifying the main influential actors and tracing power flows in communications resulting in policy decisions. After a review of the literature, interviews with actors from various ethnic groups, humanitarian organizations, the provinces, labor, and capital, and participant observation in immigration policy consultative meetings, it is found that seemingly high immigration targets are a concession to pressure from interest groups. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, all rights reserved).

Simmons, Alan B. "Latin American migration to Canada: new linkages in the hemispheric migration and refugee flow system' International Journal 48(2) 1993: 282-309.

The flow of migrants from Latin America to Canada, although recent, is now quite large. Approximately 200,000 Latin Americans have moved to Canada since 1966, and the general trend over time has been upward. They have moved to Canada in waves, each wave responding to a crisis in a particular sending country or groups of countries and to related international circumstances favoring entry into Canada. Not all Latin American immigrants to Canada are refugees from violence; many other migrants from the region have moved principally in search of economic opportunity and social mobility. There are few data on the many undocumented migrants who do not plan to claim asylum because their claims would probably fail. (Copyright 1993, Sociological Abstracts, all rights reserved).

Smawfield, David. "A comparative study of the provision of primary education for Mozambican refugees in Malawi and Zambia" Journal of Refugee Studies 6(3) 1993: 286-295.

A field report shows how the provision of education to Mozambican refugees in Zambia has largely been used to allow for assimilation of the refugee population, whereas in Malawi, education has been used to promote repatriation. In comparison to Malawi, the system operating at Ukwimi, Zambia, benefits from far greater per capita resources, and consequently, is much more internally efficient. Questions are raised, however, concerning the effect on motivation and performance arising from Mozambican refugees in Zambia enjoying a more certain future. Key indicators discussed include: teacher/pupil ratios, provision of basic materials, enrollment and attendance, and gender. The wider international significance of the findings is projected. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Somerset, F. "Indochinese refugees in Canada: government policy and public response" New Community 10 (1) 1982: 106-114.

"Special issue: refugee women" Canadian Women's Studies 10(l) 1989.

This edition is a special issue on refugee women in Canada. It documents the proceedings of the June 1988 meeting of the Working Group on Refugee Women held at York University. Several short articles discuss issues such as grassroots organizing, personal experiences, dislocation/resettlement, non-governmental organizations, government initiatives, bibliographies, film and book reviews all concerning the life experiences of refugee women in Canada. (adapted from McIrvin Abu-Laban and Wilkinson, 1997)

Stahlman, Kathy E. "Socioeconomic changes of Indochinese refugees" Migration World Magazine 23(3) 1995: 26-29.

Examines the socioeconomic development of Vietnamese refugees living in the US following Indochinese resettlement efforts. A case study examines 15 Vietnamese families living in San Francisco, CA, who arrived in the US 1978-1984. From interviews, data were collected concerning acquisition of language, reliance on public benefits, employment and participation in labor organizations, and social mobility. After the transition from refugee camps into the community, the group demonstrated minimal reliance on public benefits and a trend toward upward mobility. An overview is presented of the waves of Indochinese migration into the US after the Vietnam War, (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Starr, P.D. and A.E. Roberts. "Community structure and Vietnamese refugee adaptation: the significance of context" International Migration Review 16(3) 1982.

Starr, Paul D. and Alden E. Roberts. "Attitudes toward new Americans: perceptions of Indo-Chinese in nine cities" Research in Race and Ethnic Relations 3 1982: 165-186.

The nature of anti-Asian prejudice and discrimination in the US is described. The results of a questionnaire survey of northern Calif and Gulf Coast residents (total N = 745) concerning their experience with, and attitudes toward, Indochinese refugees are presented. Negative views tend to reflect traditional patterns of prejudice against other Asian groups and are associated with political conservatism, low education, lower occupational status, Christian fundamentalism, and other characteristics that have been linked with anti-black prejudice. Those who had actual contact with the refugees in work or home settings had more positive views of them. There were also indications that the Indochinese served as "scapegoats" for some who were frustrated over concerns they could do little about. (Copyright 1983, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Stein, Barry N. "Occupational adjustment of refugees: the Vietnamese in the United States" International Migration Review 13(l) 1979: 25-45.

Patterns of occupational adjustment of Vietnamese refugees to the United States are examined on the basis of official statistical records. These patterns are compared with those of refugees from Nazi Germany, Hungary and Cuba and recent groups of United States and Canadian immigrants. Refugees experience substantial downward mobility and difficulty in adjusting to the United States; it appears that their position after four years is likely to be the final one, but more study is needed on this phase. (Copyright 1981, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Stein, Barry N. "The refugee experience: defining the parameters of a field of study" International Migration Review 15(l) 1981.

This article deals with the following stages of the refugee experience: perception of threat; decision to flee; the period of extreme danger and flight; reaching safety; camp behaviour; repatriation; settlement or resettlement; the early and late stages of resettlement; adjustment and acculturation; and residual states and changes in behaviour caused by the refugee experience. (from author's abstract).

Stephenson, Peter H. "Vietnamese refugees in Victoria BC: an overview of immigrant and refugee health care in a medium-sized Canadian urban centre" Social Science and Medicine 40(12) 1995: 1631-1642.

Examines barriers to health care access and provision as perceived by Vietnamese refugees and health care providers in Victoria, British Columbia, based on interviews with 20 Vietnamese and 20 health care workers. The major issue identified by both groups was problematic interpretation of patient symptoms and health care provider recommendations. Lack of health care worker understanding of traditional remedies for common ailments was also identified as a barrier to health care access and utilization. The special problems of unemployment, depression, surviving torture, and getting assistance are all made more difficult for refugees living in a smaller urban center that lacks sufficiently large ethnic populations to assist in service provision. Suggestions that might ameliorate the difficulties of refugees living in smaller communities include municipally based client advocates and special translation training for existing hospital staff. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Stepick, Alex and Alejandro Portes. "Flight into despair: a profile of recent Haitian refugees in South Florida" International Migration Review 20(2) 1986: 329-350.

Based on a random sample interview survey of 499 Haitians recently arrived in Fla and on participant observation, the following areas are examined: (1) individual background characteristics of Haitian immigrants; (2) their arrival and early resettlement experiences; (3) their education, knowledge of English, and information about the US; (4) current employment status and occupation; (5) income and use of public assistance; (6) predictors of employment, occupation, and income; and (7) beliefs and orientations. Also discussed is the context of out migration from Haiti. (Copyright 1987, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Stevens, Christine A. "The school to work transition: young Cambodians in South Australia" Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 29(2) 1993: 173-193.

Structured interviews conducted in 1988 provided data on the transition from school to work among a sample of 92 Cambodians ages 15-19 who arrived in South Australia as refugees during the early 1980s. Evidence from school retention and accreditation and participation in post-school training all suggest that these youth were not systematically disadvantaged within the South Australian education system. They were also successful in entering the labor force, but were generally concentrated in lower echelon positions, despite their academic attainment. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Stevens, Christine A. "The labour market experience of Cambodians: policy implications for settlement services" Australian Journal of Social Issues 31(3) 1996: 271-289.

Examines the labor market experience of Cambodian refugees to Australia using demographic data from the 1991 Census. It is argued that a lack of education and low English proficiency place Cambodian refugees at a tremendous disadvantage in the labor market. Citing high unemployment rates among Cambodian-born citizens and their occupational concentration as laborers, poor English-language skills are reasoned to limit economic mobility in the labor force. Arguing that a lack of settlement services and limitations in the current adult migrant education program contribute to long-term economic dependency, it is recommended that refugees be given greater access to job-related English-language training, vocational training, and other special employment programs. Implications for policy revision are discussed in terms of long-term humanitarian and economic interests. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Strand, Paul J. "Employment predictors among Indochinese refugees" International Migration Review 18(l) 1984: 50-64.

The influx of Indochinese refugees into the US since 1975 has forced policy development in various resettlement areas, with considerable emphasis placed on employment and employment barriers. Here, an investigation of refugee employment is reported, part of a larger San Diego, Calif, interview study (N = 800 household heads) of Indochinese refugees' resettlement experiences. A multivariate model was used to distinguish the effects of 16 predictor variables, categorized as: (1) facilitating/program variables (e.g., utilization of job training and placement programs), (2) enabling variables (e.g., health, language skills, length of US residence, transportation), (3) predisposing variables (e.g., age, education in home country, gender), and (4) ethnicity (Vietnamese, Laotian, Hmong, and Cambodian). The results indicate that English language communication skill is the major factor in refugee employment. Health and transportation are also important, but vary in impact by ethnic group. (Copyright 1985, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Strober, Susan B. "Social work interventions to alleviate Cambodian refugee psychological distress" International Social Work 37(l) 1994: 23-35.

A 1989 survey of 102 Cambodian refugees in the US explored the extent of environmental social support and refugee characteristics in the process of acculturation, revealing that 50% of the variation was explained by education, time spent in the country, and the impact of psychological decline. A slight correlation between observed social support and acculturation adjustment, and a strong correlation between the latter and the lack of psychological decline were also found. There was no significant correlation between observed social support and psychological collapse. Results suggest that the observed family and community support does not promote acculturation, but rather, a lower incidence of psychological decline; and traditional family and community support does not count when it comes to alleviating emotional problems. Social work, education, psychological collapse, conjugal support, and amount of time spent in the country offer usable information in the application of social work to the task of reducing emotional distress. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Strom, Robert et al. "Supporting the adjustment of immigrant families" International Journal of Sociology of the Family 22(l) 1992: 35-43.

The educational needs of immigrant and refugee parents from Vietnam and Central/South America who had settled in Canada were examined through interviews with 48 families. Parents cited a variety of concerns, including difficulties in communication with children not fluent in the mother tongue, preservation of one's cultural heritage and pressure to conform to Canadian standards of discipline, obedience and teenage freedom and independence. The responses of the parents were incorporated into a multicultural parent curriculum that included discussion of orientation to public policy regarding the rights of children, group activities for goal setting, parent discussion focus groups and family discussion about preserving customs. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Tollefson, James W. "Language policy and power: Yugoslavia, the Philippines, and Southeast Asian refugees in the United States" International Journal of the Sociology of Language 103 1993: 73-95.

What is the relationship between language policy and power? In what ways do language policies reflect the power structure of societies? How are changes in the distribution of power reflected in changes in language policies? These questions are explored with reference to three situations: US policy for Southeast Asian refugees arriving in the US, conflict about the official status of English in the Philippines, and the role of language policy in the breakup of Yugoslavia. US policy for refugees is briefly examined, focusing on the importance of the links between language policy and power. Yugoslavia is examined as an example of a situation in which conflicts over language policy are central to a strategy for fundamentally altering the sociopolitical organization of the state. The consistent role of English in the Philippines under Presidents Marcos and Aquino suggests that the Philippines is an example of a situation in which changes in political leadership are not accompanied by changes in the district. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)