Malicky, Grace V. and Tracey Derwing. "Literacy learning of adults in a bilingual ESL classroom" Alberta Journal of Educational Research 39(4) 1993: 393-406.

The purpose of the year-long project was to investigate the nature of literacy teaching and learning in a bilingual ESL program. All learners were adult refugee Cambodians. Some reported that they were literate in Khmer, their first language) while others reported either no or very limited literacy in Khmer. One of the teachers was an experienced ESL teacher whereas the other was a bilingual Khmer/English instructor. Data were collected through observation, interviews and journals. Results confirmed the positive impact of L1 literacy on L2 literacy development. The bilingual nature of the instruction allowed learners to contribute their cultural and language knowledge to the classroom.

Malkki, Liisa. "National geographic: the rooting of peoples and the territorialization of national identity among scholars and refugees" Cultural Anthropology 7(l) 1992: 24-44.

A review of modern perspectives on the concept of refugee in: ordinary language; nationalist discourse; and scholarly studies of refugees, nations, and nationalism. The scholarly construction of refugee is briefly juxtaposed by comparing an ethnographic study of Hutu refugees in camps in western Tanzania (see Malkki, L., Purity and Exile: Transformations in Historical-National Consciousness among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania, Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard U, 1989) with a study of Hutu refugees living in and around a Tanzanian township ("Context and Consciousness: Local Conditions for the Production of Historical and National Thought among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania," in Fox, Richard G. [Ed], Nationalist Ideologies and the Production of National Cultures, Washington, DO American Anthropological Assoc., 1990, 32-62). It is argued that the two case studies present different conceptualizations of uprootedness and national identity, and both challenge scholarly perspectives. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Matsuoka, Atsuko and John Sorenson. "Ethnic identity and service delivery: some models examined in relation to immigrants and refugees from Ethiopia" Canadian Social Work Review 8(2) 1991: 255-268.

Data from the Canadian Employment and Immigration Commission indicate that some 10,000 Ethiopian immigrants and refugees have joined Canada's multicultural society since 1980. While the majority are single men ages 15-44, with a high school education or better, it is contended that they should not be considered as a homogeneous ethnocultural group; their internal political and ethnic divisions must be taken into account for efficacious delivery of social services. Four models of service delivery are considered: 1) generic services delivered by mainstream agencies; 2) services provided by ethnic organizations to their own communities; 3) multicultural services addressing the needs of broad ethnic categories, e.g. African immigrants; and 4) the bridging approach, developed by the Immigrant Access Service in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in which mainstream agencies hire workers from different ethno-cultural backgrounds to serve clients from similar backgrounds. The advantages of this model are outlined, especially the capability of providing help in a nondiscriminatory manner, and strategies to aid its implementation are suggested. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Mattson, Susan. "Health care delivery to Southeast Asian refugees" Migration World Magazine 17(l) 1989: 28-35.

Cultural characteristics presenting problems in the provision of health care to Southeast Asian refugees in the US are enumerated, including fear of Western medicine, reliance on folk remedies, unfamiliarity with appointments and clinics, medication compliance, somatization of illness, language communication differences, and physical contact. Delivery of health care services must be tailored to ethnic differences on three levels: structural or institutional; functional or worker; interactional or client. Solutions to the cultural problems are proposed, e.g., use of bilingual and bicultural interpreters; education of health care professionals; development of cultural assessment tools; and adaptation to clients' cultural needs. (Copyright 1990, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

McInnis, Kathleeen M. "Working with political refugees: new challenges to international social work" International Social Work 29(3) 1986: 215-226.

The potential role of social work practice, education, and research in the resettlement of political and economic refugees is explored, focusing on the successes and failures of the US and Canada in resettling the recent influx of Southeast Asian refugees. The role of social workers on the national level in determining who is defined as a refugee, what quotas will be set, and what resettlement model will be used are discussed within the context of several current international models. (Copyright 1987, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

McSpadden, Lucia-Ann and Helene Moussa. "I have a name: the gender dynamics in asylum and in resettlement of Ethiopian and Eritrean refugees in North America" Journal of Refugee Studies 6(3) 1993: 203-225.

Reports results of 2 independent studies of Ethiopian/Eritrean refugees in Canada and the western US, 1982-1991, to compare and contrast the particularities of the refugee experience for females (Fs) and males (Ms). Analysis indicates that the clearly differentiated gender identities of the home culture affected refugee attempts to rebuild their lives and reconstruct their identity in the new environment. The status of Ms in the home culture being higher, they found it difficult to come to terms with a lower status and limited opportunities after resettlement. Fs, in contrast, had already experienced a conflict in the home environment between their traditional and individual aspirations. In addition, the traumatic experiences in flight and asylum (e.g., rape, and the possibility of prostitution as the only survival strategy) made Fs realize that for them, there was a much lower status than menial employment. Consequently, they tended to see the new environment as offering more possibilities for them in the long run. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

MeSpadden, Lucia Ann. "Ethiopian refugee resettlement in the Western United States: social context and psychological well being" International Migration Review 21(3) 1987: 796-819.

The psychological well-being of Ethiopian refugees in California, Washington, and Nevada is investigated via questionnaire, scale, and interview data (N = 59). Results indicate that the level of stress among Ethiopian refugees resettled by agencies is higher than that of those resettled by volunteers. When English-speaking ability is held constant, the differential ability of these two resettlement methodologies to provide appropriate employment and access to higher education varies directly with stress levels. Recommendations for improvements are offered. (Copyright 1988, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Mequanent, Getachew. "The role of informal organizations in resettlement and adjustment process: a case study of iqubs, idvs and mahabus in the Ethiopian community in Toronto" Refuge 15(3) 1996.

Mercer, E. "A 'professional' approach to helping immigrants and refugees" Canadian Nurse 77 (3) 1981: 20.

Meredith, William H. "Level and correlates of perceived quality of life for Lao Hmong refugees in Nebraska" Social Indicators Research 14(l) 1984: 83-97.

The perceived global quality of life and the sense of well-being for 13 specific domains of life experience for 145 Lao Hmong refugees in Neb were determined, to examine the relationship between the 13 domains of life experience, 4 demographic variables, and perceived global quality of life. Because the refugee population studied was largely illiterate in English as well as in their native language, a special questionnaire format was developed to allow them confidentiality in responding. Analysis indicates that these respondents are generally positive in their global life quality and its various domains. The statistical tests used demonstrate the importance of the individual- self-concept in determining life quality. The findings are of special interest since they deal with a unique minority group that has not previously been studied in terms of its perceived global quality of life. (Copyright 1985, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Meyers, Mary. "Equity for refugee children" FWTAO Newsletter, 13(2) 1994: 2-7.

Moldofsky, Naomi. "Expellees and 'voluntary' refugees from less-developed lands" International Migration 13(1-2) 1975: 252.

A study is presented of the adjustment process of French-speaking North African Jewish immigrants in Montreal-the first such substantial immigration to Canada from North Africa, admitted on humanitarian grounds at a time when geography formed Canada's primary admission criterion. This group, whose occupational content did not reflect the general occupational pattern of their native lands, defied geography as a selection criterion, adjusting in a manner that one would have expected from a limited, carefully selected group. As such, they evolved into being the kind of immigrants that are actively sought by Canadian immigration authorities. The viability of deliberate design in immigration comes into question in that the various areas of human endeavor cannot possibly be used as a criterion for prediction. When pertinent information happens to be widely dispersed among all individuals concerned and cannot possibly be known to any one particular individual or group, not even the most enlightened policy-makers, however powerful politically, or well-equipped technologically-could possible overcome this obstacle. Consequently, any controls emanating from policy making, necessarily operate with unknown and variable forces, also with time lags. (Copyright 1977, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Montero, Darrel and Ismael Dieppa. "Resettling Vietnamese refugees: the service agency's role" Social Work 27(l) 1982: 74-81.

It has been nearly seven years since the first refugees from Vietnam began arriving in the US, and data from various sources suggest a positive relationship between the length of time they have been in this country and the levels of employment and income they have attained. Their adjustment to life in the US is assessed, and the role of social work agencies in their resettlement is discussed. (Copyright 1985, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Montgomery, R. "The economic adaptation of Vietnamese refugees in Alberta: 1979-1984" International Migration 24(4) 1986: 749-768.

An investigation of the cultural, economic and psychological adjustment of Vietnamese refugee immigrants living in or near Edmonton, Alberta. Structured interviews were conducted with a representative sample of 537 adult respondents by interviewers fluent in the their native languages (Chinese or Vietnamese). The dependent variables of employment, duration of unemployment, job search problems, mean gross monthly income, net monthly financial situation and standard of living were analyzed according to four predictor variables: current English skill, education level on arrival in Canada, population of the municipality resided in at time of interview and ethnicity (Chinese-Vietnamese or pure Vietnamese). Despite a high unemployment rate for the most recent arrivals and the metropolitan (Edmonton) dwellers, and a high concentration of low status occupations, it is concluded that Vietnamese refugees are doing no worse than comparable cohorts of disadvantaged immigrants; especially considering Alberta's recess economy and the recency of the Vietnamese in Canada. (Copyright 1987, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Montgomery, R. "Predicting Vietnamese refugee adjustment to Western Canada" International Migration 29(l) 1991: 89-117.

Though Canada was one of the first countries to openly accept Vietnamese refugees in the late 1970's, a major controversy had developed by the early 1980's over its admission policy and the impact of the refugees on the country's labour and culture. Here, Vietnamese refugees' adaptation to life in Canada is described, drawing on interviews obtained from a sample of 333 refugees in Alberta. Multivariate analysis reveals that education (academic and/or vocational) and length of residence are positively related to adjustment; whereas size of municipality of current residence is inversely related as are age (older refugees have more problems), extent of trauma in leaving Vietnam and single versus married status. Results are compared to previous findings in the literature and used as a basis for policy recommendations, including an emphasis on education, patience with new immigrants, directing refugees to non-metropolitan areas and focusing more on older refugees. (Copyright 1991, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Moore, Terence. "Refugee resettlement: toward a conceptual framework" Social Thought 8(2) 1982: 8-21.

Issues and problems in the resettlement of Indochinese refugees in Utah are compared with national and regional information and their social service needs and service utilization patterns are assessed. A community survey was administered to a random sample of 103 Utah sponsors of Indochinese refugees and a key informant instrument was administered to 43 social service agencies in Utah that provide social services to Indochinese refugees. Pre and post 1979 refugee admissions were examined across demographic characteristics, adjustment patterns, resettlement issues and social service needs. Among study conclusions were the following: the Indochinese refugee population in Utah paralleled its population in the US in demographic characteristics and patterns of sociocultural adjustment. Utah refugees have not yet completed the cycle of sociocultural adjustment to life in the US, and resettlement has occasioned serious strain. Understanding and use of community social services by refugee sponsors was limited. (Copyright 1983, American Economic Association, all rights reserved).

Moussa, Helene. "Sowing new foundations: refugee and immigrant women and support groups" Refuge 13(9) 1994.

Nash, Alan. "Can we meet the refugee challenge?" Policy Options 9(10) 1988: 18-23.

Neldner, Brian W. "Settlement of rural refugees in Africa" Disasters 3(4) 1979: 393-402.

Problems of settlement for Africa's rural refugees are outlined, with types of settlement policies and assistance programs explained. Rural refugees, unlike their urban counterparts, generally move in groups, and can usually count on finding members of their own tribes in countries to which they migrate. Host countries may deal with refugees through a policy of spontaneous settlement, or they may designate specific settlement areas. A designated type of settlement generally makes the administrative tasks of the host country easier, and reduces the possibilities of tension with the refugees' original country. At both national and international levels, there must be planning and provisions for feeding, housing, educating, and giving health care to refugees. All possible efforts must be made to train and encourage refugees to be self-supporting, whether or not they plan eventually to return to their own countries. Tanzania provides a positive example for dealing with the refugee problem. (Copyright 1983, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Neuwirth, Gertrud and Lynn Clark. "Indochinese refugees in Canada: sponsorship and adjustment" International Migration Review 15(l) 1981: 131-140.

Describes the response to the 1979 policy which raised the quota of Indochinese refugees to 50,000 and introduced a one-to one matching formula between privately and government sponsored refugees. 16 sponsoring groups and families were studied and monitored. Most of the refugees have experienced downward mobility in the labour market. The relationship between sponsor and sponsored is usually initiated in trust and equal social interaction. Most sponsors take a short-term, instrumental approach to refugees that may defeat the purpose of facilitating social adjustment. (Copyright 1982, American Economic Association, all rights reserved)

Neuwirth, Gertrud. "Refugee resettlement" Current Sociology 36(2) 1988: 27-41.

A report on the resettlement trends of forced refugees from Third World countries is provided, beginning with a review of available statistics. Issues that have been studied and that need further study are discussed. The debate surrounding the plight of the "boat people" from Vietnam is used to highlight the negotiations and ethnocultural preferences of various settling countries. Selection criteria of some countries, notably Thailand, are based on humanitarian considerations, whereas Western countries resettle on the basis of immigration considerations. Problems of occupational and economic adjustment shift over time to questions of equitable access to opportunity structures. Further research is urged, especially the comparison of resettled immigrant groups with voluntary immigrants, such as so-called guest workers. (Copyright 1989, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Neuwirth, Gertrud. "Indicators of integration" INSCAN 10(3) 1997: 5-7.

The author argues that while integration is used quite regularly by policy makers and academics, the concept defies precise definition. Until the definition of 'integration' is agreed upon, it cannot be used with any accuracy. The author suggests many difficulties associated with the term itself. The article concludes with a call to create a theory of integration in order to clarify the processes and results of integration. This would avoid misuse and misunderstandings behind the term.

Nguyen, L.T. and A.B. Henkin. "Vietnamese refugees in the United States: adaptation and transitional status" Journal of Ethnic Studies 9, 1982.

Nguyen, S.D. "The psycho-social adjustment and mental health needs of Southeast Asian refugees" Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa 7 (1) 1982: 26-35.