Hardy, Cynthia. "Underorganized interorganizational domains: the case of refugee systems" Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 30(3) 1994: 278-296.

Relying on both archival data and 81 in-depth interviews with civil servants, politicians, officials from non-governmental organizations, and refugees, refugee systems in Canada, GB, and Denmark are compared to explore under-organized inter-organizational domains. Refugee systems - the government, non-government, and refugee organizations that determine refugee status and help place asylum seekers - can be under-organized because they lack convergence around key values world have excluded relevant stakeholders. Moreover, the precise nature of underorganization has implications for the political processes that occur within them. Accordingly, systems that appear to be relatively organized and to enjoy a high level of collaboration are typically those that have excluded relevant stakeholders. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Hathaway, James C. "The conundrum of refugee protection in Canada: from control to compliance to collective deterrence" Journal of Policy History 4(l) 1992: 71-92.

To assess why the asylum dilemma is becoming especially burdensome, Canada's historical, context-specific response to the problem of refugees is depicted, At first, Canada accepted refugees as regular immigrants. In the mid-1960s, immigration-based refugee policy was shifted to comply with international legal rights granted to refugees, resulting in numerous refugees entering Canada, 50% of whom are not subject to immigration quotas. Canada is currently on the verge of entering a third era, in which it must decide whether to continue to accept the burden of refugees when the nation's European allies have abdicated this responsibility. (Copyright 1993, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Helwa, Mussallam Abu and Brian Birch. "The demography and housing conditions of Palestinian refugees in and around the camps in Amman, Jordan" Journal of Refugee Studies 6(4) 1993: 403-413.

Questionnaire survey data from 1,081 Palestinian refugee households in the 3 main camps, and their bordering squatter areas, in Amman, Jordan, are drawn on to describe the demographic and housing characteristics of this poorest sector of the city's population. Analysis reveals little demographic variation across the population, but some variety in its housing conditions. Despite much self-help home improvement, most refugee dwellings remain poorly equipped and seriously overcrowded. In some respects, these problems are more severe within camps run by the UN's Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees. Results confirm that household overcrowding and poor neighborhood conditions - more common in the areas fringing the camps - are major causes of refugee dissatisfaction with housing. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Henkin, Alan B. and Liem, T. Nguyen. "Development of self-concept among Indochinese refugee students" International Review of Modern Sociology 14(l) 1984: 23-34.

The relationship between self-concept/-esteem-ideal and academic achievement of Indochinese refugee students in US schools was examined via the Self-Descriptive Inventory (Muller, D., Larned, D., and Leonetti, R., "Self-Descriptive Inventory," unpublished text, New Mexico State U, 1978) administered to 147 Lao students in grades 4-8 at a Midwestern school, and analysis of students' academic records. Younger students had higher self-concept and -esteem scores on all 4 dimensions investigated-physical maturity, peer relations, academic success, and school adaptiveness-indicating that they are making the transition to new schools with greater ease than older students. Older students had higher self-ideal scores, though the gap between these and self-esteem scores indicates difficulty with the acculturation process. Compared to Mexican, Chilean, and US ethnic groups, Lao students had lower self-esteem and -ideal, but higher self-concept. Further research is suggested. (Copyright 1985, ERIC, Incorporated, all rights reserved.)

Hermansson, Ann-Charlotte, Jan Olaff-Hornquist and Toomas Timpka. "The Well-being of war-wounded asylum applicants and quota refugees following arrival in Sweden" Journal of Refugee Studies 9(2) 1996: 166-181.

Interview and scale data are drawn on to investigate well-being following arrival in Sweden and its correlation with sociodemographic and pre-post-migration factors in 30 war-wounded asylum applicants and 30 quota refugees who were consecutively investigated during hospitalization after an average of 2.5 months in the host country. Self-rated current wellbeing was lower than previous wellbeing. Asylum applicants experienced a lower level of current wellbeing than did quota refugees. Significant correlations were found between a higher level of wellbeing, lower education, not having made the decision to flee oneself, and not having informed the family about the flight; the strength of these relationships was different in the 2 subgroups. No salient associations were found between wellbeing and pre-migration war traumas or between wellbeing and degree of physical disability. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Hjarno, Jan. "Migrants and refugees on the Danish labour market" New Community 18(l) 1991: 75-87.

Structural changes since 1973 in the Danish labor market have contributed directly to keeping migrants out of the labor market, and indirectly to prejudicial attitudes toward migrants. This cycle has marginalized migrants within the labor market and society; the role of social networks in gaining employment in Denmark also works against migrants. Government statistical data on migrant employment 1988-1990 by gender and nationality (Turkish, Yugoslav, Pakistani, and other) show massive unemployment. In other areas, prejudicial stereotypes have inspired defeatist attitudes, as young migrants increasingly opt against higher education. The next few years could see Denmark emerge as one of the most racist countries in Western Europe, in contrast to its historical image as a country unmarred by intolerance. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Howard, Rhoda. "Contemporary Canadian refugee policy: a critical assessment" Canadian Public Policy 6(2) 1980: 361-373.

The factors affecting Canada's refugee policy are discussed. After a brief summary of the historical background, instances of humanitarian acceptances of refugees (e.g., Southeast Asians, Lebanese, and Ugandan Asians) are cited. The internal refugee procedure is described, focusing on relations between refugees and immigration, security, and government officials, and on possible biases in the procedure. The possible biases in government policy are discussed, concluding that although there is no racial bias, there is an ideological bias against overtly socialist or communist refugees, and that the policy of considering refugees according to their economic viability as immigrants precludes genuine political asylum. Data for the study are from: (1) about 25 interviews with government and judicial officials, refugees in Canada, immigration lawyers, and concerned members of the Canadian public; and (2) documentary sources, especially House of Commons debates and immigration case reports. (Copyright 198 1, Sociological Abstracts, all rights reserved).

Howell, David R. "Refugee resettlement and public policy: a role for anthropology" Anthropological Quarterly 55(3) 1982: 119-125.

Although immigration plays a major role in the history of the US, only recently has the government distinguished refugees from other new arrivals as a matter of law and public policy. The Refugee Act of 1980 establishes a comprehensive statutory basis for the admission and resettlement of those granted refugee status under its definition. Refugee resettlement involves complex issues relating to: the diverse cultural backgrounds of those admitted; their experiences during the flight to safety and the arrangement of resettlement opportunity; statutory and programmatic goals; institutional contexts; and the roles and relationships of agencies that participate in the resettlement process. Because of this, the adjustment of refugees, both socially and economically, is of particular interest to many anthropologists and other social scientists, while policy and program decision making can benefit from products of their research. The discussion introduces a special journal issue that provides examples of policy relevant research (Copyright 1983, American Economic Association, all rights reserved).

Huyck, Earl E. and Rona Fields. "Impact of resettlement on refugee children" International Migration Review 15 (1) 1981.

This article develops a conceptual framework for examining research and services needed by refugee children in their process of acculturation in various spheres, but especially in the school system. (from author's abstract)

Ima, Kenji and Ruben G. Rumbaut. "Southeast Asian refugees in American schools: a comparison of fluent-Englishproficient and limited-English-proficient students" Topics in Language Disorders 9(3) 1989: 54-75.

Issues regarding language education of limited English proficient (LEP) and fluent English proficient (FEP) Southeast Asian students are discussed. It is argued that the diversity of Asian and Pacific Islander groups must be recognized in the educational setting, rather than lumping them together in a single category. Five main ethnolinguistic groups are examined: Khmer, Lao, Hmong, Chinese, and Vietnamese. Analysis of survey data and school records obtained on linguistic minority high school students (N = 5,472) in the San Diego (CA) Unified School District reveals differences between LEP and FEP students. A comparison of academic performance of Southeast Asian and other linguistic minority students shows that Southeast Asians are most likely to be classified as LEP, but still have a higher grade point average than all other language minority groups. A comparison of educational attainment among Southeast Asian subgroups shows significant diversity. (Copyright 1990, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Ima, Kenji and Charles F. Hohm. "Child maltreatment among Asian and Pacific Islander refugees and immigrants: the San Diego case" Journal of Interpersonal Violence 6(3) 1991: 267-285.

An investigation of the cultural aspects of child maltreatment among Asian and Pacific Islander (API) immigrant groups, analyzing 158 cases reported to and handled by the Union of Pan Asian Communities in San Diego, CA. Utilizing both quantitative and qualitative strategies, five parameters that may explain the patterns of reported child maltreatment in a population are identified: (1) home country traumas, especially notable among refugees; (2) differences in child-rearing practices; (3) the relative visibility to welfare professionals and other publicly employed professionals; (4) the relative continuity of social support systems brought from country of origin; and (5) the relative ability to cope with cultural conflicts brought on by being newcomers. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Indra, Doreen Marie. "An Analysis of the Canadian private sponsorship program for Southeast Asian refugees" Ethnic Groups 7(2) 1988: 153-172.

Consequences of the Canadian program for refugee adjustment, in which refugee families are financially supported by groups of individuals or by religious or other institutions are reviewed. Private sponsorship via this program grew following its inception in 1978, until at the peak flow of Southeast Asian refugees (1981), about 50% of all migrants were participation. Preliminary expectations were that private sponsorship would serve social, psychological, educational and financial purposes, but data from a Vancouver-based survey of 1,348 refugees showed that even daily contact with sponsors did not mean significant differences in employment status, English language fluency or knowledge of Canadian society, when private sponsored refugees were compared with government-sponsored ones, A model is developed for the argument that structural constraints in the initial formulation of relations between refugees and sponsors (limited cross-cultural tools, sponsorship monopoly on power, the lack of role models for sponsor-refugee relations and overall sexism) led to social conflicts between refugees and sponsors, refugee sense of deprivation, and refugee female subordination. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Indra, Doreen. "Resettlement and gender differences: a Lethbridge community study" Canadian Women's Studies 10(l) 1989.

Ivry, Joann. "Paraprofessionals in refugee resettlement" Journal of Multicultural Social Work 2(l) 1992: 99-117.

The role and function of indigenous paraprofessionals in refugee resettlement are discussed. With training and supervision, such paraprofessionals - who share a common background and experience with the client population - can bridge cultural and linguistic barriers, and serve as role models. For illustration, the experience of the recent Soviet Jewish refugee resettlement program in Boston, Mass, is examined. (Copyright 1993, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Jenkins, Shirley. "Children who are newcomers: social service needs" Journal of Children in Contemporary Society 15(3) 1983: 39-47.

Children who are newcomers to the US fall into several status groups, including refugees, entrants, immigrants, and undocumented aliens. Some come with their families and others are unaccompanied minors. Their needs for support and services range from food and shelter to language education and help in acculturation. These children and their families do not fit neatly into our service system. In addition to being newcomers, the majority are visible ethnics, facing problems of prejudice and racism. As time runs out for federal reimbursement for refugee support, many new arrivals may seek a share of the shrinking welfare budget. (Copyright 1983, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Joe, V. "A new lifestyle in a new land" Canadian Nurse 77(3) 1981: 16-19.

Jones, Woodrow Jr. and Paul Strand. "Adaptation and adjustment problems among Indochinese refugees" Sociology and Social Research 71(l) 1986: 42-46.

An examination of the resettlement experience of Indochinese refugees in the US, based on interviews conducted with refugee heads of households (N = 800) randomly selected from the telephone directory in San Diego County, Calif. The demographic profile of the sample shows characteristics dissimilar from earlier immigrant groups; the Indochinese refugees are younger (average age 37) and married, and most earn incomes below poverty level. In addition to lack of English language skills, separation from families, and war memories, respondents cited lack of job skills and money, child care, and transportation problems; resettlement efforts were perceived as inadequate. Regression analysis shows that the Hmong are less capable of understanding US ways than Vietnamese, Laotians, or Cambodians; education and length of residence are found to have little significance. It is concluded that the findings in general indicate readjustment and adaptation problems among Indochinese groups. (Copyright 1987, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Jones, P.R. "Vietnamese refugees in the UK" New Community 1983.

Jones, Crispin. "Refugee children in the classroom" European Journal of Intercultural Studies 5(3) 1995: 59-60.

Kaprielian-Churchill, Isabel. "Refugees and education in Canadian schools" International Review of Education 42(4) 1996: 349-365.

The nature and needs of refugee students in Canadian schools are examined, drawing on a 1991 Ontario Institute for Studies in Education research project. The school performance of refugee students is explored in a number of domains: immigration regulations; initial identification, assessment, placement, and monitoring; unaccompanied youngsters; at risk students; academic needs; and the conflict of cultures. In particular, the changing role of the school in light of recent immigration trends is discussed. Many of the findings are suggested to be applicable to other national settings. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Keely, Charles B. "The resettlement of women and children refugees" Migration World Magazine 20(4) 1994: 14-18.

Although women and children comprise about 80% of refugee populations under UN care, they account for only 57%-70% of refugees resettled in major recipient countries (the US, Canada, and Australia), and their particular needs are often not met. The bias toward adult males is probably a consequence of the UN convention definition of "refugee." A woman refugee is less likely than a man to be at risk of persecution for her own political activities and thus less likely to be classified as a refugee to be resettled. Women are more likely to be fleeing war or at persecution risk because of their husbands' activities. Quotas are not recommended to ensure the resettlement of more women, because the goal should continue to be saving the most vulnerable refugees. This requires situation judgments. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Kelly, Gail Paradise. "Adult education for Vietnamese refugees: commentary on pluralism in America" Journal of Ethnic Studies 5(4) 1978: 55-64.

English-as-a-second-language classes for Vietnamese refugees at the Fort Indian Town Gap relocation camp are examined. Although these classes' explicit purpose was to teach English to the Vietnamese, they implicitly taught what the United States teachers perceived as the new lifestyle that the refugees would be acquiring. The courses did not recognize the necessity for cultural pluralism, that a Vietnamese-American culture needed to be developed. United States stereotypes regarding division of labor, sex roles, and occupational roles were transmitted to the refugees that were contrary to the Vietnamese ways (as well as being contrary to many Americans). The Vietnamese did not have input into the development of the English classes; therefore, they were only taught what the Americans chose to teach. Consequently, classes were often irrelevant to Vietnamese culture. (Copyright 1980, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)