Cathcart, L.M. et al. "Medical examination of torture victims applying for refugee status" Canadian Medical Association Journal 121 (2) 1979: 179-184.

Celano, Marianne P. and Forrest B. Tyler. "Behavioral acculturation among Vietnamese refugees in the United States" Journal of Social Psychology 131(3) 1991: 373-385.

Vietnamese refugees (N = 64) who had resided in the US 1-24 months completed the Behavioral Acculturation Scale, originally designed for use with Cuban immigrants. In contrast to findings of a positive relationship between behavioral acculturation and length of residence for a Cuban-American sample (Szapocznik, J., Scopetta, M. A., Kurtines, W., and Aranalde, M. A., "Theory and Measurement of Acculturation," Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 1978, 12, 113-130), behavioral acculturation of these Vietnamese refugees was significantly and negatively related to length of residence when the effect of employment status was controlled. Regression analyses revealed that behavioral acculturation was predicted by current employment status, socioeconomic status in Viet Nam, length of residence in the US, and education. Implications for conceptualizing and measuring the process of acculturation are discussed.

Chambers, Robert. "Hidden losers? The impact of rural refugees and refugee programs on poorer hosts." International Migration Review 20(2) 1986: 245-263.

Refugee studies and relief organizations have refugees as their first concern, generally neglecting the adverse impacts of refugees on hosts. When impacts are considered, they are seen in terms of host country governments, economies and services rather than people or different groups among host populations. In rural refugee-affected areas, the better-off and more visible hosts usually gain from the presence of refugees and refugee programs. In contrast, the poorer among the hosts can be hidden losers from competition for food, work, wages, services, and common property resources. Vulnerable hosts also lack the refugees' option of sending their weaker dependents to camps and settlements. Development programs in refugee-affected areas will do a disservice if they neglect the adverse effects of refugees. Development should be designed to benefit the whole population in refugee affected areas. (Copyright 1987, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Chan, Kwok B. and Lawrence Lam "Resettlement of Vietnamese Chinese refugees in Montreal, Canada: Some sociopsychological problems and dilemmas" Canadian Ethnic Studies 15(l) 1983: 1-17.

In an analysis of interview data collected as part of a four-phase longitudinal study of the adaptation of Indochinese refugees in Montreal, Quebec, between 1975 and 1981 (N = 25 Vietnamese respondents), focus is on stress in sponsor-refugee relations, dreams, and refugees' preoccupation with the past. The sponsor-refugee relation is conceptualized as a master-dependent relation underlined by a status difference and a cognitive gap that an affective bond cannot bridge. Analysis of dreams and routine thought processes of the refugees reveals a recurrent theme: an obsessive mental concern with separation from family members, and a strong wish for family reunification. Their mourning over what was lost or left behind in Vietnam seems to have interfered with their adaptation to life in Canada. (Copyright 1985, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Chavez, Leo R. "The power of the imagined community: the settlement of undocumented Mexicans and Central Americans in the United States" American Anthropologist 96(l) 1994: 52-73.

Interview data from Mexican and Central American immigrants in San Diego, CA, and Dallas, TX (total N = 291 and 300, respectively) are drawn on to test the relative importance of the "imagined community" on the intentions of undocumented immigrants to stay in the US. Results of logistic regression analysis clearly underscore the importance of feeling part of the community. Not only is the influence on settlement intentions statistically significant, but the odds ratio indicates that those who feel part of the local community are 4-5 times more likely to intend to stay permanently in the US than those who do not. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Cheung, Kam-fong Monit and Edward R. Canda. "Social work educational innovations in a refugee training project" International Social Work 37(2) 1994: 137-147.

Addresses the importance of refugee training in social work by reporting the design and evaluation of a Southeast Asian refugee training project in the US, focusing on its educational and evaluative processes. Two unique features of this innovative training approach - the individualized educational design and the family and community practice orientation - are identified. The training experience is incorporated into a conceptual framework that provides helpful guidelines for the development of refugee-focused curricula: it emphasizes the use of a dynamic approach in education, the examination of system influences, and the inclusion of transcultural experience in defining competency in refugee training. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Chigier, E. and A. Nudelman. "A cross-cultural approach to health education for immigrants and refugees" Collegium Antropologicum 18(2) 1994: 195-198.

In order to cope with the health needs of thousands of Ethiopian immigrant adolescents, Youth Aliyah's Medical Services of Tel-Aviv, Israel, has developed a specific health education program for this target population, using a cross-cultural approach. The program is based on anthropological research and combines meaningful concepts of the culture of Ethiopian Jews with the knowledge and skills necessary to deal with life in a complex Israeli society. The program also includes physical, sexual, and mental health educational units. The theoretical, cross-cultural model that underlies this case study can be specifically applied to promote the health of immigrants and refugees in different countries. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Christensen, Carole Pigler. "Training for cross-cultural social work with immigrants, refugees, and minorities: a course model" Journal of Multicultural Social Work 2(l) 1992: 79-97.

Explored are the development, format, and procedures of a course initiated in 1974 at a university in Montreal, Quebec, to prepare social work students to work with immigrants, refugees, and minorities. Throughout the course, historical, sociopolitical, economic, and psychosocial factors are considered, The model emphasizes experiential learning in classroom and community settings, which enables students to integrate theory and skills related to practice. Emphasis is placed on the development of self-awareness as a major aspect of training. (Copyright 1993, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Cornick, J.E. "Effects of non-clustering of refugees" Migration Today 11(2-3) 1983.

Cox, David. "Refugee settlement in Australia: review of an era" International Migration 21(3) 1983: 332-344.

Between 1975 and 1982, Australia took in almost 100,000 refugees, many of them Asians. The period saw the development of a formal refugee policy for the first time in Australia-a multicultural policy of settlement and integration-and the establishment of service programs for immigrants. From the perspective of a member of the Australian Refugee Advisory Council, refugee settlement in Australia during that period is discussed in terms of: refugee selection and preparation, settlement procedures, counseling and information services, development of English-language programs for immigrants, employment issues, multicultural policies, and immigrant welfare. (Copyright 1985, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Crepeau, Francois and Michael Barutciski. "Refugee rights in Canada and the 1941 Geneva Convention" Journal of Refugee Studies 7(2-3) 1994: 239-248.

The focus here is on Canada's record of compliance with the guarantees provided in the 1941 Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. Three aspects that constitute the foundation of Canada's refugee protection policy are discussed: the rights to work, social assistance and health protection. The coherence of the Convention's protection regime is evaluated, examining interpretative difficulties regarding different categories of refugees and different guarantees for each. Recent efforts toward reconceptualization of international refugee laws are addressed, exploring the possibility of systematizing the temporary nature of international refugee protection to encourage receiving countries to provide more extensive, long-term protection. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Csapo, Marg. "Differences in very bad experiences and coping skills among Canadian-born, immigrant and refugee children with post-traumatic stress disorders." International Journal of Special Education, 7(2) 1992: 139-152.

Currie, Michael and Michael A. Hogg. "Subjective ethnolinguistic vitality and social adaptation among Vietnamese refugees in Australia" International Journal of the Sociology of Language 108 1994: 97-115.

Factors affecting educational achievement, occupational aspirations, and life satisfaction among secondary school Vietnamese refugees living in Melbourne, Australia, were explored. It was hypothesized that the subjective perceptions of the ethnolinguistic vitality and identification of this Vietnamese community are stronger predictors of adaptation than broader measures of demographic and background sociocultural factors. Three groups of variables were assessed (demographic, experiential, and ethnolinguistic) for their prediction of the 3 outcome measures of social adaptation. Ss from inner-city environments (N = 42) completed a 4-part assessment that included the Subjective Vitality Questionnaire. Statistical analysis led to the conclusion that educational achievement is significantly positively related to perceptions of cultural and religious vitality. Identification with the local Vietnamese community was also positively related to achievement. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Dalhberg, K. "Medical care of Cambodian refugees" Journal of American Medical Association 243 1980: 3-13.

De Jongh, Michael. "Mozambican Refugee Resettlement: Survival Strategies of Involuntary Migrants in South Africa"Journal of Refugee Studies; 1994, 7, 2-3, 220-238.

As a result of civil war in Mozambique, thousands of refugees fled to South Africa, where they are officially regarded as illegal immigrants, without the right to seek employment, own livestock, or cultivate land. Focus here is on the refugee settlement of Rhulani in the Gazankulu homeland of South Africa, comprising approximately 3,000 Mozambican refugees, mainly from Magude Province. As a refugee settlement, Rhulani is unusual because of the relatively low intensity of activity by relief organizations, and the role of the homeland government as an intermediary or additional host government over and above the South African one. Five case studies are presented in an examination of the problems and processes of forced migration and relocation, strategies of adjustment, and the consequences of these for the individuals and groups concerned. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Delgado Gaitan Concha. "Russian refugee families: accommodating aspirations through education" Anthropology and Education Quarterly 25(2) 1994: 137-155.

Most new immigrants have learned to conform to US society largely through the educational system. Here, ethnographic interview data obtained from 12 recent Russian political-refugee families in one city are used to show how they learned coping strategies through support from community educational programs. Religious and social networks supported their efforts to accommodate. New practices in new cultural settings are discussed in these observations of Russian families realizing some of their goals while striving to make sense of obstacles to other aspirations. Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Derwing, Tracey M. and Grace V. Malicky "ESL literacy learners: where do we go from here?" RCL, Reflections on Canadian Literacy, 10(4) 1992: 220-225.

This study examined the experiences of a group of adult refugee Cambodians in a bilingual ESL literacy class. Most of the students had made very little or no progress in traditional ESL programs, but with access to a bilingual teacher, as well as an ESL teacher, they felt that they made significant gains. The experiences of the students are discussed in light of federal language training policies.

Derwing, T. and M. Munro. "Citizenship preparation in Canada: an overview [Secretary of State Survey of citizenship education programs for adult immigrants]" TESL Talk 19(l): 1989: 35-41.

This article reviews English-language adult citizenship programs in Canada. A federally-funded census of programs was undertaken in 1987 to determine the nature of citizenship programs. It was found that most programs were limiting their instruction to the content generally required in the Citizenship Court hearing. The majority of students had limited English language skills after a minimum of three years residency. Recommendations for programmers and funders were made.

DeSilva, Arnold. "Earnings of immigrant classes in the early 1980s in Canada: a reexamination" Canadian Public Policy 23(2) 1997: 179-202.

It is widely believed that immigrants admitted on compassionate grounds such as refugees tend to perform poorly compared with immigrants selected for their skills. Recently, Statistics Canada has assembled a longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) which provides a unique opportunity to examine whether the above view is correct. Relying on a sub-sample of male immigrants drawn from IMDB, the present study finds evidence of a rapid convergence in earnings among immigrant classes over time. From a policy perspective, the main conclusion is that age at entry is probably more important than many of the other immigrant attributes reported at landing. (Copyright 1998, Canadian Research Index, all rights reserved).

Desbarats, J. "Ethnic differences in adaptation: Sino-Vietnamese refugees in the United States" International Migration Review 20(2) 1986.

Dirks, G.E. "Contemporary Canadian responses to the worlds' refugee phenomenon" Multiculturalism 3(4) 1980: 3-13.

Dona, G. and J.W. Berry. "Acculturation attitudes and acculturative stress of Central American refugees" International Journal of Psychology 29(l) 1994: 57-70.

Acculturative stress experienced by Central American refugees in Toronto, Ontario, was studied among 101 Ss, recruited from community centers, via standardized and special tests covering: acculturative experience and cultural maintenance; Latin and Canadian acculturation attitudes; individualistic values; and psychological and somatic stress. Hypotheses are based on Berry's theoretical model of acculturation (eg, 1980), which posits that individuals in the integration mode show intermediate levels of acculturative experience with the host society, medium-level cultural maintenance, values in between individualism and collectivism, and lower stress than those in the assimilation mode, whose attitudes and values are closer to Canadian culture, or those in separation mode, who maintain high culture-of-origin ties and shun the Canadian experience. Ss are classified into the 3 categories, and exploratory and multiple stepwise regression analyses of data are performed. Results indicate that Ss overwhelmingly favor an integration mindset. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstract, all rights reserved).

Dorais, Louis-Jacques. "Refugee adaptation and community structure: the Indochinese in Quebec City, Canada" International Migration Review 25(3) 1992: 551-573.

Sociographical data, supplemented by interviews with 67 adults, are used to investigate adaptation and social organization among Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian refugee groups residing in the Quebec area. Findings show that 3 distinct ethnic communities have been established in Quebec over the last 15 years, and that community life has been facilitated by the presence of an educated bicultural elite, a relatively high level of economic integration, core cultural values (e.g., religion and sustained interpersonal relations), and positive expectations on the part of the government. Indochinese refugee resettlement in Quebec reflects a model that emphasizes cultural rather than economic adaptation, and province officials consider the linguistic and cultural adaptation of newcomers a high priority in terms of policy and media attention. Indochinese communities in other countries are compared to that of Quebec. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved)

Edwards, R. Gary and Morton Beiser. "Southeast Asian refugee youth in Canada: the determinants of competence and successful coping" Canada's Mental Health 42(l) 1994: 1-5.

Ekblad, Solvig. "Psychosocial adaptation of children while housed in a Swedish refugee camp: aftermath of the collapse of Yugoslavia" Stress Medicine 9(3) 1993: 159-166.

Interviews with 66 children and their parents are used to examine family functioning and children's psychological adaptation among Yugoslavians staying in a refugee camp in the Stockholm, Sweden, area. Results show that homesickness had the highest frequencies among the children, followed by depression and somatic symptoms. The risk factors for mental ill health among the children included experience of direct violence, apathetic or unstable mother, long time in Sweden, higher education level among fathers, lack of proper information about the flight, somatic symptoms, depression, homesickness, and reduced interest in school. The buffers were an optimistic mother and perception of social support. It is concluded that perception of the mother's health and well-being is very important in understanding the child's health. Family members should not be separated during the asylum and a follow-up is needed when they have obtained permission to stay. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)