Basok, Tanya. "Refugee policy [in Canada]: globalization, radical challenge, or state control?" Studies in Political Economy 50 1996: 133-166.

Contrary to the argument made by post-modernists that globalization and challenges from the civil society have eroded the power of the state since the early 1970s, it can be demonstrated that in many vital areas the state has retained control and in some, it has reasserted itself with more vigor. With respect to refugee matters, the state continues to exercise control with an ever-increasing strength. While it is true that Canadian refugee policy has been subjected to pressures emanating both from the international humanitarian community and from domestic human rights groups, neither the global ethic of humanitarianism nor the pressure of various pro-refugee interest and political groups within the society have had more than a minor impact in the last quarter of a century. In an attempt to maintain its legitimacy, the Canadian state has adopted tougher policies towards refugees in the last ten years. (Copyright American Economic Association 1997; all rights reserved)

Basok, Tanya. "How useful is the "petty commodity production" approach? Explaining the survival and success of small Salvadoran urban enterprises in Costa Rica" LABOUR Capital and Society 22(l) 1989: 42-64.

Based on a 1986 examination of 75 small Salvadoran refugee businesses in Costa Rican urban areas, established 1981-1986 with the help of international agencies as part of a job development program for refugees, it is suggested that the petty commodity production (PCP) framework is not an adequately explanatory model for their survival and success. Many Third World villages have seen a multiplication of small enterprises constituting the so-called informal sector, most faced with numerous problems. The PCP model is offered by some as an alternative to the informal versus formal designations. Rather than a purely non-capitalist or capitalist model of production, PCP is regarded as a transitional, linked to commodity exchange, with capital and labor nearly inseparable, and ownership independent. PCP supporters maintain that the survival of these small businesses hinges on their contribution to the accumulation of capital in the capitalist sector. (Copyright 1991, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Basok, Tanya. "Soviet immigration to Canada: the end of the refugee program?" Innovation 4(3-4) 1992: 139-155.

Immigration and other statistical data supplemented by in-depth interviews with lawyers advising Soviet refugee claimants, directors of Jewish Immigrant Aid Services and the Canadian Jewish Congress, and representatives of the Dept of Refugee Affairs (Ns not specified) are used to analyze Canadian policy toward Soviet refugees before and after 1990, at which time several changes occurred: the relaxed criteria under which Soviet citizens used to be admitted to Canada as refugees were removed. Since then most Soviets have been coming as economic immigrants or under the family reunification program. Factors that explain why, between 1979 and 1990, Soviet refugees received preferential treatment, compared to those coming from Latin America and Africa, are identified: foreign policy priorities, ideological concerns, economic conditions, responsibilities vis-a-vis the international community, and pressure from domestic interest groups. Recent policy initiatives are related to changes in these factors. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, all rights reserved).

Beare, S. "ESL instruction for refugee employment" TESL Talk 15(3) 1984: 12-16.

Beavis, Mary A. "Housing and ethnicity: literature review and select, annotated bibliography" Bibliographica 6 1995.

This annotated bibliography and review of the literature on housing and ethnicity outlines the present state of research and identifies research needs. It discusses the housing characteristics of urban ethnic groups; discrimination, housing, and ethnicity; housing preferences and choices of recent immigrants and refugees; cultural needs in housing; and implications for urban aboriginal research. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, all rights reserved).

Beiser, Morton, Rene Dion, Andrew Gotowiec, Ilene Hyman and Nhi Vu. "Immigrant and refugee children in Canada" Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 40(2) 1995: 67-72.

A review of the literature on migrant children's adaptation and mental health in Canada provides a resettlement policy research agenda. While conflicting research findings are not uncommon, conventional wisdom and simplistic understandings of the dimensions of adaptation are challenged. A model is proposed for determinants of immigrant and refugee children's mental health, considering etiology and intervention issues suitable for future research. Focusing on causal risk factors (outcomes) and protective factors for childhood mental health, the use of a broadened concept of adjustment is favoured, which includes measures of both mental health deficits and assets. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Beiser, Morton, R. Jay Turner R. and Soma Ganesan. "Catastrophic stress and factors affecting its consequences among Southeast Asian refugees" Social Science and Medicine 28(3) 1991: 183-195.

The effects on mental health of the stress of being interned in a refugee camp were examined via a questionnaire survey of Southeast Asian refugees who had resettled in Vancouver, British Columbia (N = 1,348 adults interviewed in 1981, 1,169 of whom were re-interviewed 2 years later). The impact on depressive mood proved significant but short-lived. Social support derived from the ethnic community and from an intact marriage moderated the risk of developing depressive symptoms, apparently by enhancing a sense of identity and belongingness. Avoidance of references to the past was a common psychological coping mechanism used to ward off depressive symptoms. Refugees brought into the country under private sponsorship had been expected to have a mental health advantage over those admitted under government sponsorship, but this was not the case. In fact, private sponsorship by individuals or groups whose religion differed from the refugees they were supporting actually created stress. (Copyright 1992 PsychInfo, Incorporated, all rights reserved).

Beiser, Morton. "Changing time perspective and mental health among Southeast Asian refugees" Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 11(4) 1987: 437-464.

Little is known about the psychological mechanisms people employ in adapting to extreme circumstances such as becoming refugees. Longitudinal interview data from Southeast Asian refugees (N = 1,169) in Vancouver, British Columbia, collected in 1981/82 and 1983/84 and case studies suggest that altering one's perception of time may be an adaptive strategy. During periods of acute stress, refugees seem to focus on the present to the relative exclusion of past and future. The reemergence of past and future into consciousness brings about a risk for developing depression. Epidemiological data corroborate inferences from case material, demonstrating that refugees are more present-oriented than the indigenous population. A "nostalgic" time orientation, preoccupation with the past, is associated with elevated depression scores. Contrasts are drawn between nostalgia, a maladaptive pattern, and memory, which is an inevitable part of the process of personality integration. (Copyright 1988 PsychInfo, Incorporated, all rights reserved).

Beiser, Morton. "Influences of time, ethnicity, and attachment on depression in Southeast Asian refugees" American Journal of Psychiatry 145(l) 1988: 46-5 1.

An investigation of the question of whether certain phases of resettlement are accompanied by an elevated risk for depression in Southeast Asian refugees in British Columbia, based on longitudinal interviews and scale data (N = 1169) collected in 1981 and 1983. In general, the longer the refugees remained in Canada, the better their mental health. However, unmarried or otherwise unattached Laotians and Vietnamese refugees experienced high levels of depression 10-12 months after arrival. Two years after the initial investigation, this group, disadvantaged by a lack of social resources, continued to be more depressed than other refugees. (Copyright 1988, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Beiser, Morton, Ilene Hyman. "Refugees' time perspective and mental health" American Journal of Psychiatry 154(7) 1997: 996-1002.

Investigates coping mechanisms in Southeast Asian refugees (N = 319) in Vancouver, British Columbia, focusing on cognitive alteration of time perspective. Analyses drew on interview data collected 1979-1981 and again in 1981-1983 to evaluate the association between risk of depression and time splitting. Results showed that refugees were more likely to split past, present, and future. This temporal atomism, as well as avoidance of nostalgia, were associated with a lower risk of depression than other time perspectives, supporting the hypothesis that time splitting and suppression of the past are useful coping mechanisms in times of adversity. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, all rights reserved).

Bell, Sue E. and Michael B. Whiteford. "Tai dam health care practices: Asian refugee women in Iowa" Social Science and Medicine 24(4) 1987: 317-325.

Health care utilization and health practices among a group of Tai Dam refugee women living in central Iowa (N = 52) are examined. Variables examined in this discussion include: ideas about illness etiology, choice and use of health care providers, birth control practices, and the use of preventive health care in the form of prenatal health care visits. Analysis of questionnaire responses suggests: (1) respondents share the Tai Dam belief that the majority of illnesses are caused by temperature and weather changes or bad food and water, or that illnesses are caused by the supernatural; (2) 66% of the women do not use and have never used any form of birth control; (3) although the average Tai Dam woman had been living in the US for 7 years at the time of the study, communications with MDs and understanding of written medicine instructions is difficult for many due to language problems; and (4) 25% of respondents are not covered by medical insurance of any kind. (Copyright 1988 Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Benson, Janet E. "Households, migration, and community context" Urban Anthropology 19(1-2) 1990: 9-29.

A review of the literature on migration reveals that extended family and non-nuclear family households mediate immigrants' adaptation to life in the US. Examination of Vietnamese and Laotian refugee households in Garden City, Kan, based on data drawn from interviews of 85 individuals in the community, including employees of the main industry (beef-packing), local agencies, and school personnel, indicates that cultural values and the political, social, and economic situations of the local receiving community also shape immigrant household structure. Women and older children make substantial contributions to family income. The refugee households share space and services with non-nuclear family members. Refugees also maintain extensive social networks outside the household. These household and networking characteristics allow for rapid adaptation to local labor markets and provide economic and cultural support in situations of unstable employment.

Bernard, W.S. "Immigrants and refugees: their similarities, differences and needs" International Migration 14(4) 1977: 26781.

Bertheleu, Helene. "Methods of collective organization among the Lao of Montreal. A structured sociopolitical context" Canadian Ethnic Studies 27(2) 1995: 81-100.

Lao community leaders and provincial government officials (N unspecified) were interviewed, 1990 and 1994, regarding the adjustment of the Lao refugee communities that settled in Montreal (Quebec) in the early 1980s. The process of community formation, the material conditions of the Lao community, and the relationship of the Lao to the greater community are described The role of the Canadian and provincial governments in facilitating the adaptation of the Lao community and the efforts of Lao organizations to protect the rights of the community before federal and provincial officials are evaluated. The Lao are described as manual laborers and low-salaried employees with a cohesive and geographically centralized community support network. The attitudes of dominant ethnic groups regarding the Lao community are also presented. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Black, Richard. "Refugee migration and local economic development in Eastern Zambia". Journal of Economic and Social Geography, 85 (3): 1994: 249-62. Population Index on the Web. http://popindex.princeton.edu/browse/v60/n4/h.htmI

"This article examines the local socioeconomic impact of the arrival of Mozambican refugees in the Eastern Province of Zambia. Previous studies of forced migration elsewhere in Africa have suggested that not only stresses, but also positive gains for local development may be felt in areas hosting significant numbers of refugees. It is suggested here that an appropriate framework from which to analyze the impact of refugees is to focus separately on the effects of population increase on the one hand, and the specific characteristics of refugees on the other. Using this distinction, a model is developed of potential beneficial changes resulting from the arrival of refugees. Key assumptions of this model are then identified to be of relevance to policies designed to promote local economic development under conditions of refugee migration."

Brand, Laurie "Palestinians in Syria: the politics of integration." Middle East Journal 42 (4) 1988: 621-637.

Shortly after the arrival of some 90,000 Palestinian refugees in Syria in 1948, the Syrian government began to issue what became a series of laws that placed these Palestinians on virtually equal footing with Syrian nationals in the realm of education, employment, and military service. It was not a pan-Arab ideological inclination, but rather, the economic and political absorptive capacity of Syria that led to the integration of the Palestinian community. The experiences of the Syria branches of the General Union of Palestinian Women and the General Union of Palestine Workers demonstrates how this integration, along with the presence of a strong, repressive state and a single party system, discouraged the emergence of strong institutional expressions of a separate Palestinian identity in Syria. (Copyright American Economic Association 1997, all rights reserved.)

Breslow, Marilyn, David Haines and Dirk Philipsen. "Richmond's refugees: understanding the interaction between refugees and their new communities" Migration World Magazine 25(1-2) 1997: 30-34.

To teach Americans about the existence of refugees in the US, who they are, where they live, and how they have contributed to their adopted communities, a collaborative project was developed in Richmond, VA, by scholars, local resettlement agencies, former refugees, volunteers, and the Valentine Museum. The project explores and interprets the experience of refugee resettlement through the recording of oral histories contributed by the refugees, sponsors, service providers, resettlement volunteers, English-language teachers, employers, and neighbors. After reviewing the development of this project and the significance of the Richmond context, some early findings from the oral histories are discussed, and the project's future direction in Richmond and other cities is considered. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Burgess, Hilary and Jill Reynolds. "Preparing for social work with refugees using inquiry and action learning" Social Work Education 14(4) 1995: 58-73.

There is an international need for social workers to be prepared to work with refugees and displaced persons. In many countries, including the UK, it may be difficult to ensure that issues related to working with refugees are addressed in basic professional courses, especially if these courses are based on traditional disciplines, or if curriculum content is already overloaded. An approach to learning to work with refugees is described, which is problem-led, based on self-directed small group study, and which has been offered with some success at a British school of social work. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Burnley, 1. H. "Lebanese migration and settlement in Sydney, Australia" International Migration Review 16(l) 1981: 102-132.

The evolution of Lebanese settlement in Sydney, Australia, is traced, based on interviews with 256 Lebanese conducted in 1977-8; an ecological perspective is employed, focusing on settlement patterns of two ethnic concentrations-an older, predominantly Maronite population, and a newer, predominantly Moslem cluster-and their function and structure in the process of adapting to an alien urban milieu. The urban village model of immigrant settlement was found relevant to the Lebanese in Sydney, with maintenance of localist social relations common to rural village life in Lebanon. Several distinct, separate village/religious concentrations were found to exist, rather than a unified "Lebanese quarter"; this cluster pattern is similar to southern European immigrant concentrations. It is too early to predict how and to what extent the Lebanese will integrate fully into Australian society. However, there is evidence of considerable residential mobility and dispersion within the first generation in Sydney. (Copyright 1984, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Burwell, Ronald-J., Peter Hill and John F. Van Wicklin. "Religion and refugee resettlement in the United States: a research note" Review of Religious Research 27(4) 1986: 356-366.

In the past decade, large numbers of Indochinese have sought asylum in the US. Interviews were conducted with a sample of 199 refugees resettled through one voluntary agency, attempting to assess their social, economic, and psychological adjustment. In particular, the religious beliefs and practices of the respondents were investigated in order to understand how religion relates to the general process of refugee resettlement. Religion was found to be an important factor; several religious changes were observed, including shifts in religious identity. Discriminant analysis was used to-identify those variables most likely to predict a change in religious identity. Results of a 6-month follow-up of a sub-sample of the original respondents indicate even more changes. (Copyright 1987, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)