Nicholson, Barbara. "The influence of culture on teaching Southeast Asian paraprofessionals: a challenge to social work education" Journal of Teaching in Social Work 3(l) 1989: 73-86.

A review of the literature indicates that underutilization and premature termination of services is common among southeast Asian refugees. Also, all evidence points to the fact that Southeast Asians respond more readily to indigenous workers, who are knowledgeable about differences in service delivery between Eastern and Western cultures. In view of these findings, the need for training Southeast Asian paraprofessional social workers is stressed. Emphasis is placed on mutuality in learning between educators and students, and on the influence of culture and individual life experiences that may enhance or impede the learning process. Knowledge of the culture is an essential ingredient for teaching effectiveness, and examples of specific teaching and learning issues relevant to cultural and migration experiences are reviewed. (Copyright 1989, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Nudelman, A. "Health services to immigrant and refugee population: patient and provider cross-cultural perspective" Collegium Antropologicum 18(2) 1994: 189-194.

Health services provided to immigrants and refugees are not always perceived as useful by this target population. Such services may be incompatible with patients' explanatory models and language of distress. Providers and patients often perceive illness causation and treatment differently, and such misunderstandings may be exacerbated by cross-cultural factors. Strategies to improve health services for immigrant and refugee populations are proposed. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Olmsted, Jennifer. "Women "manufacture" economic spaces in Bethlehem" World Development 24(12) 1996: 1829-40.

Education is an important factor in women's economic development. For Palestinian women, who may be denied access to wage labor because of societal conceptions of gender roles, education has added importance since it increases women's ability to challenge these roles. This paper looks at differences in education and employment patterns between two groups of Palestinian women, refugees and non-refugees, in the Bethlehem area, with the conclusion that while refugee women have made considerable gains in their education and employment options, non-refugee women have lagged behind and as a result have become relatively less economically powerful. A combination of social, economic, and institutional factors have led to current education and employment patterns. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Opoku-Dapaah, Edward. "Barriers to educational pursuits of refugee claimants in Canada: the case of the Ghanaians" Refuge 12(3) 1992.

Palmer, Ingrid. "Advancement preparation and settlement needs of South-East Asian refugee women" International Migration 19(1/2) 1981.

Parkins, C. Richard. "Public policy issues in refugee resettlement 'Social Thought 10(3) 1984: 15-20.

The problems of resettlement of foreign refugees in the US are examined, including: the concentration of refugees in a limited number of areas; job availability; welfare utilization by refugees; refugee demand for local services; and the role of ethnic support systems in resettlement. Measures have begun to be developed that structure refugee resettlement in accord with the needs of the resettlement program as a whole. (Copyright 1986, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Pask, Diane E. and Anne Jayne. "Resettlement of minor refugees: some interdisciplinary issues" Canadian Journal of Family Law 4(3) 1984: 275-292.

An assessment of national and international refugee resettlement programs. From an examination of Indo-Chinese refugees that fled Vietnam to Canada, the problems confronting refugees (personal and relocation) and the conflicting regulations governing immigration among various nations are reviewed. The role of Hong Kong (the first stop for many refugees), the UN, Canada and the US are discussed and compared. It is argued that refugee migration is not a temporary situation in the world today, as most nations view it, and that those charged with assisting resettlement-anthropologists, therapists, social workers, lawyers, MDs, sociologists and immigration officers-should establish an institutional approach, rather than responding to each new crisis: as an entirely new event. (Copyright 1985, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Passaris, C. "Canada's record in assisting refugee movements" International Perspectives September/October 1981: 6-9.

Pereal, Raul Moncarz. "The golden cage-Cubans in Miami" International Migration 16(3-4) 1978: 160-173.

Processes of adaptation to the host country of Cuban refugees in the Miami area are analyzed, using three parameters: educational, geographic, and income mobility. A random sample of 100 Cuban noncitizens living in Florida in Jan 1972 was surveyed. Results showed that: most were working at jobs below their educational level, language was a major barrier, and 76% were earning below the US median income. This suggests that mobility is minimal and that there is a significant waste of human resources. (Copyright 1988, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Pereira, Cecil, Bert N. Adams, and Mike Bristow. "Canadian beliefs and policy regarding the admission of Ugandan Asians to Canada" Ethnic and Racial Studies 1(3) 1978: 352-364.

The reasons for admitting certain Asians who were expelled from Uganda in 1972 into Canada are explored, using both subjective and objective criteria. A sample of Ugandan household heads living in Canada (N=372) was interviewed in 1973 to discover their perceptions as to the bases of selection used in permitting them to enter Canada. Interviews with 150 Canadian citizens were conducted during the 1974 election period, as were interviews with 80 government officials who had been involved in this project. Socioeconomic characteristics of Ugandans, such as formal education, occupational status and resources were considered. Most of the Canadian citizens felt that humanitarian reasons or self-interest motivated their admissions. Analysis of the socioeconomic data indicates that Canada was following a rather strict immigration policy and was thus indulging in an 'immigrant grab' despite public statements to the contrary. (Copyright 1980, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Pho, Hai B. "The politics of refugee resettlement in Massachusetts" Migration World Magazine 19(4) 19913-25.

Political backlash against the refugee resettlement program in Mass is examined. Despite the promise and potential that refugees bring to Mass, austere cost-cutting measures and revenue shortfalls have prompted increasing political attacks on refugees and immigrants from all levels of government in the state. The attacks stem from the perception that refugees threaten non-immigrants' way of life and take a variety of forms: (1) exclusion of refugees from entitlement programs; (2) denial or restriction of services to refugees; (3) exclusion of refugees and immigrants from residing in racially pure communities; and (4) school segregation and minority student isolation. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Pope, L. "The case of Ward v. Minister of Employment and Immigration: its implications for refugee women and children" INSCAN: International Settlement Canada 6(2/3) 1992.

Portes, A. "Dilemmas of golden exile: integration of Cuban refugee families in Milwaukee" American Sociological Review 34(4) 1969.

Potocky, Miriam. "Toward a new definition of refugee economic integration" International Social Work 39(3) 1996: 245-256.

The adequacy of current definitions of refugee economic integration was evaluated by comparing 1990 census data on Southeast Asian refugees living in CA (N = 388,310) with data on US-born CA residents. The results indicated that Southeast Asian refugees had worse economic status than any US-born ethnic group. Large proportions of the refugees were not employed, were receiving public assistance, and were living in poverty. The findings indicate a need for an expanded definition of refugee economic integration. A new definition that considers comparative status is proposed and its implications are discussed. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Preston, Rosemary. "Is there a refugee-specific education?" Convergence 23(3) 1990: 3- 10.

Qualman, A. "Educational needs of refugees and college potential" College Canada 9(3) 1984: 7.

Rasanen, E. "Change in culture and language environment in childhood and its effect on adult life" Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 80(3) 1989: 280-286.

The impact of childhood changes in culture and language environment on education, criminality, professional status, and physical and mental health in adulthood is examined based on questionnaire data from 501 Finnish children removed from Finland to Sweden during 1944/45. Compared to a control group, refugee children were characterized by: (1) similar mental health; (2) better physical health; (3) greater criminality, particularly in adolescence; and (4) less educational achievement and fewer professional positions. Refugee children speaking Swedish as their mother tongue were found to achieve higher employment status than those undergoing a language change. Mechanisms underlying adjustment difficulties occurring with changes in language and culture are discussed. (Copyright 1990, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Richmond, Anthony H. "Sociological theories of international migration: the case of refugees" Current Sociology 36(2) 1988: 7-26.

Richmond, Anthony H. "Reactive migration: sociological perspectives on refugee movements" Journal of Refugee Studies 6(l) 1993: 7-24.

Rockhill, Kathleen and Patricia Tomic. "There is a connection: racism, hetero/sexism and access to ESL" Canadian Woman Studies 14(2) 1994: 91-94.

Rousseau, Cecile "The Place of the unexpected : ethics and methodology for research with refugee children" Canada's Mental Health 41(4)1994: 12-16.

Rousseau, Cecile, Aline Drapeau and Ellen Corin. "The influence of culture and context on the pre- and post-migration experience of school-aged refugees from Central America and Southeast Asia in Canada" Social Science and Medicine 44(8) 1997: 1115-1127.

Pre- and postmigration contexts of elementary-school-age refugee children from Central America and Southeast Asia (N = 56 and 100, respectively) living in Montreal, Quebec, are compared using data from home interviews. Results suggest that the culture of origin radically modulates the relationship between the premigration experience and the developing postmigration universe. In the case of the Central American children, the state-sponsored violence suffered in the country of origin is strongly associated with subsequent family conflicts, whereas in the case of the Southeast Asians, conflict is associated with an active social network in the community of origin, suggesting that there is a delicate balance between the support provided and the burden imposed by the extended family. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Rousseau, Cecile, Aline Drapeau and Ellen Corin. "School performance and emotional problems in refugee children" American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 6 (2) 1996: 239-251.

The relationship between school performance and emotional problems was assessed via analysis of the academic records of a general population sample of 156 Southeast Asian and Central American refugee children ages 8-12 in Canada. Data collected using the Child Behavior Checklist, academic records, and a standardized intellectual aptitude test suggested that learning difficulties and academic achievement levels were associated with emotional problems in both groups but that, despite comparable academic records, remedial measures were more often prescribed for Central American children. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Rousseau, C., D. Lefibvre, R. Rosenfeld. "Les enfants refugies du sud-est asiatique: experience Quebecoise" Union medicale du Canada 110 (5) 1981: 469-473.

Ruefle, William, William H. Ross and Diane Mandell. "Attitudes toward Southeast Asian immigrants in a Wisconsin community" International Migration Review 26(3) 1991

A telephone survey was conducted of 458 adult residents of La Crosse, Wisconsin, a community with over 2,000 Hmong immigrants, as well as lesser numbers of other Southeast Asian immigrants (SEA). Knowledge about and attitude toward the SEA immigrants were assessed. The community was almost evenly divided in its attitude toward the new immigrants. A positive attitude toward SEAs was negatively related to ethnocentrism and positively related to economic optimism. It was also correlated with selected demographic variables. Multiple regression analysis showed that ethnocentrism accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in attitude even after economic optimism and demographic background factors had been entered into the equation. Implications for policy and community attitude change are discussed.

Rumbaut, Ruben G. and John R. Weeks. "Fertility and adaptation: Indochinese refugees in the United States" International Migration Review 20(2) 1986: 428-466.

Levels of fertility among Indochinese refugees in the US are explored in the context of a highly compressed demographic transition implicit in the move from high-fertility Southeast Asian societies to a low-fertility resettlement region. A theoretical model is developed to explain the effect on refugee fertility of social background characteristics, migration history, and patterns of adaptation to a different economic and cultural environment, controlling for marital history and length of residence in the US. Multiple regression techniques are used to test the model for 2 sets of Indochinese refugees interviewed by the Indochinese Health and Adoptation Research Project of the U of California, San Diego (total N = 739), with focus on F refugees (N =313). It accounts for nearly 50% variation in refugee fertility levels in the US. Fertility is much higher for all Indochinese ethnic groups than it is for American women; the number of children in refugee families is a major determinant of welfare dependency. (Copyright 1987, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Ryan, Angela-Shen and Irwin Epstein. "Mental health training for Southeast Asian refugee resettlement workers" International Social Work 30(2) 1987: 185-198.

A description of a training program for nonprofessional, refugee resettlement workers in two US cities (New York, NY, and Boston, Mass). Curriculum content areas include comparing cross-cultural mental health concepts, crisis intervention counseling, identifying clients at risk, communication skills, and overcoming client mistrust and fear. Recruitment, participant characteristics, training methods, and program evaluation are described. The limitations of training alone are examined, and the need is pointed out for supportive supervisory and community structures for refugee resettlement workers and their clients. (Copyright 1987, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Sabagh, Georges and Mehdi Bozorgmehr. "Are the characteristics of exiles different from immigrants? The case of Iranians in Los Angeles" Sociology and Social Research 71(2) 1987: 77-84.

Data from the 1980 US Census Public Use Microdata Sample for the 1975-1980 and pre-1975 Iranian immigrant cohorts are used to explore demographic, religious, and socioeconomic differences between immigrants and political refugees/exiles (i.e., those who left Iran before and after the 1978 revolution, respectively) residing in Los Angeles, Calif, where over 25% of the total US Iranian population is located. It is revealed that the 1975-1980 cohort includes a larger proportion of religious members and is more balanced with respect to age and sex distribution than the pre- 1975 cohort. Refugee/exiles have a lower educational attainment level than do immigrants, as well as lower occupational and income levels; this may be due to: (1) a higher proportion of students in the immigrant group, or (2) the downward mobility of refugee/exiles immediately following their arrival. More intensive survey research is recommended to resolve this question. Copyright 1987, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Sachs, et al. "The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children: the family, the home and the school" Journal of American Academy of Child Psychology 25(3) 1986.