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Abell, Nazare Alburquerque. "Safe country provisions in Canada and in the European Union: a critical assessment" International Migration Review 31(3) 1997: 569-590.
Analyzes the international legal framework that surrounds the issue of what constitutes a safe third country in the European Union (EU) and in Canada, arguing that, because Canada is not immune to the developments in the EU, refugee immigration policies have changed accordingly. It is contended that the Canadian model respects the legal constraints that govern the acceptability of mechanisms to apportion responsibility to examine a claim to refugee status, in particular, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. By testing the international legal viability of both the European and Canadian systems of safe third country against Articles 31 and 33 of the Geneva Convention and Executive Committee Conclusions No. 58 and 15, and by addressing the draft Memorandum of Understanding between Canada and the US and comparing it with some of the readmission agreements between the EU and some third states, it is concluded that the Canadian safe third country model is preferable to that in Europe, from both legal and humane viewpoints. (Copyright 1997, Sociofile, all rights reserved).
Abu-Laban, Yasmeen and Daiva Stasiulis. "Ethnic pluralism under siege: popular and partisan opposition to multiculturalism" Canadian Public Policy 18(4) 1992: 365-86.
Since the mid-1980s, diverse criticisms of the federal multiculturalism policy have emerged from various sources. While ethnic minorities have faulted the policy for its inefficacy in redressing issues of racism, and for its ghettoizing of minority concerns, the Reform Party, the Conservative Party and the Citizens' Forum have all treated multiculturalism as a source of division in the national unity debate. This article examines the current critiques of multiculturalism policy by academics, the Spicer Commission, federal parties, and ethnic minorities. Factors accounting for attacks on the policy include the constitutional impasse, along with a shifting, though resistant ethnic power structure, and the fears linked to growing immigration and refugee pressures from Third World countries in a global context of economic decline. (Copyright 1993, Sociological Abstracts, all rights reserved).
Adams, Bert N. and Victor Jesudason. "The employment of Ugandan Asian refugees in Britain, Canada and India" Ethnic and Racial Studies 7 1984: 462-477.
A representative sample of Ugandan Asian refugees is surveyed 14-16 months after leaving Uganda to determine labour force participation and occupational classification in their new land. Results for Canada show that those refugees seeking work found it quickly, although often at a lower occupational level. The results for Britain and India were very different, reflecting both the characteristics of the refugees and the economic conditions in those countries. (Copyright 1985, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Adelman, Howard. "Defining refugees" Refuge 2 (4) 1983: 1-3.
Adelman, Howard. "The right of repatriation-Canadian refugee policy: the case of Rwanda" International Migration Review 30(l) 1996: 289-309.
Uses the example of Rwandans living in Canada to illustrate the principle of the right to repatriation and difficulties in enforcing that principle. It is argued that Canadian policy toward repatriation is not consistent. As the right is unenforceable, Canada has only two options: resettling Rwandans permanently in Canadian territory, or using its influence to change Rwandan policies. Neither choice is desirable. Overall, the right of repatriation has not been a significant issue in the guiding of Canadian policy. It is concluded that, within domestic and foreign policy realms, the right of repatriation is primarily rhetorical. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Ager, Alastair, Wendy Ager and Lynellyn Long. "The differential experience of Mozambican refugee women and men" Journal of Refugee Studies 8(3) 1995: 265-287.
A 1990 survey of 420 Mozambican women and men who had been refugees in Malawi for 4 years, supplemented by daily schedule analyses and extended interviews with a focal sample of 20 refugees, revealed the following: 34% of women and 47% of men had 1 year of schooling, and only 10% and 24%, respectively, had 2 years; programmed vocational training had little impact on income generation for either men or women; median income for men was 20 US cents, while for women it was nothing and the work burden was heavier on women. Discussion focuses on the interrelationship of the findings and refugee assistance efforts that were failing to achieve goals of substantive income generation for women and reduction in their work burden through programs aimed at increasing skills and participation. Also, food relief policy and structures for refugee representation appeared to exacerbate gender inequalities. While the goals are commended, more effective ways for increasing women's time availability and support for their indigenous population. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Agocs, Carol. "Ethnic groups and the ecology of North American cities" Canadian Ethnic Studies 11(2) 1979: 1-18,
The assimilationist perspective of the Chicago school has dominated North American studies of urban ethnic settlement. Chicago urban ecologists predicted that ethnic groups would prosper, acculturate and suburbanize, leading to an end of ethnic concentrations and investigated whether blacks, a visible minority, were likely to do the same. Further work in this tradition has enlarged the comparative study of ethnic settlement, emphasizing black-white differences in the United States and the role of residential segregation in perpetuating black subordination. More recent work has posited a generalized tendency toward urban ethnic separation with black segregation differing in degree but not in kind from white segregation. This pluralist approach has been supported by Canadian research suggestion that social class does not explain ethnic segregation. Explanation of this pattern is a problem for further research. Some evidence suggests the importance of self-segregation. More information on black-white differences might be gained by comparative studies of the United States and Canada. (Copyright 1980, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Ajdukovic, Dean. "Psychic adaptation problems among displaced people" Psychologische Beitrage 34(3-4) 1992: 157-164.
Sources of stress in the lives of displaced people are examined through interviews with 65 mothers of displaced families housed in a refugee center in Zagreb, Croatia. Stress for displaced families begins with disruption of previous life situations but does not end once families find physical security. Sources of family stress during exile include: (1) concern over family members and family completeness; (2) dependence on others; (3) marginalization, stigmatization, and diminished social position; (4) perceptions of social injustice; (5) acculturation; (6) perception and interpretation of current events; (7) helplessness; (8) uncertainty; and (9) problems with the organization of everyday life. Failure to cope with these sources of stress and failure to establish a balance with the environment can lead to difficulties of psychosocial adaptation, which manifest themselves in behavior, social relations, and psychological and physical health. Findings identify stressor variables, including material deprivation, loss of income. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Allen, Rebecca and Harry H. Hiller. "The social organization of migration: an analysis of the uprooting and flight of Vietnamese refugees" International Migration 23(4) 1985: 439-452.
A discussion of the dynamics of dissociation in the refugee experience, based on interviews conducted with 70 Indochinese residing in a western Canadian city. The data suggest that the period prior to actual flight consisted of three separate processes: the social development of the refugee situation; the social development of a flight perspective; and the development of a social organization for flight. An analysis of the initiation and sustaining of flight reveals that the decision to become a refugee involved planning, deliberation, and ad hoc organization. It is argued that the flight of these refugees is not the result of blind panic but an instance of creative mobilization of resources to attain a deeply desired objective. (Copyright 1987, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Allodi, F. and A. Rojas. "Arauco: The role of a housing cooperative community in the mental health and social adaptation of Latin American refugees in Toronto" Migration World Magazine 16(3) 1988: 17-2 1.
An attempt is made to determine if an integrated and supportive social environment, the Arauco Housing Cooperative in Toronto, Ontario, has helped reduce mental stress and social maladaptation among former Chilean torture victims and their children who migrated to in 1973. Data obtained via questionnaires from 19 Arauco residents and through participant observation are compared to data on a control group of 47 Latin American individuals with similar histories of persecution who lived outside the cooperative. Results do not confirm that, after two years in Arauco, either residents or their children were any healthier mentally than noncommunity refugees. However, the other refugees may have received social support from other sources in their communities. On the whole, both Arauco residents and the controls exhibited higher mental distress scores than did immigrants from the same regions in Latin American who had not suffered persecution for their political beliefs. (Copyright 1989, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Allodi, F. and G. Cowgill. "Ethical and psychiatric aspects of torture: a Canadian study" Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 27 (2) 1982: 98-102.
Allodi, F. and S. Staisny "Women as torture victims" Canadian Psychiatric Association 35(2) 1990.
Anonymous. "Taking over when international agencies leave: a case study in split, Croatia and Western Herzegovina" Migration World Magazine 25(1-2) 1996: 36-4 1.
Refugee women and children in the Yugoslav successor states continue to face numerous challenges, including death, divorce, alcoholism, unemployment, poverty, domestic violence, lack of education, and posttraumatic stress. Yet many international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that provide emergency assistance have moved on to the next crisis, leaving few to provide ongoing support, including psychosocial counseling, education, and micro-enterprise development. Some of the remaining international NGOs are run by local staff, some have been reincorporated as Croatian and Bosnian NGOs, and some indigenous organizations have formed. Several local NGOs providing services for refugee women and children in Split, Croatia, and western Herzegovina are described. The future of NGOs in the Yugoslav successor states is discussed. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Asikaineu, Eija. "Refugee stories: constructing a Bosnian girl's identity in exile, a case study" Refuge 16(4) 1997.
Ba, Tran Quang. "Canadian acceptance of Southeast Asian refugees" Recherches Sociologiques 15(2-3) 1984: 267-290.
An evaluation of the Canadian acceptance of Southeast Asian refugees since the mid-1970s shows how immigration policy and practice have changed since the post-WWII period. The extent of Indochinese migration to Canada is noted: a total of some 77,000 by 1984. The effectiveness of sponsorship efforts of groups and associations and the difficulties that refugees have in maintaining their cultural identity are discussed. It appears unlikely that the Canadian government will be able to continue accepting migrants on this scale; policy should be concentrated on efforts to reunite new migrants with families already established in Canada. (Copyright 1985, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Bach, R.L. and R.C. Seguin. "Labour force participation, household composition and sponsorship among Southeast Asian refugees" International Migration Review 20(2) 1986.
Banafunzi, Bana M. S. "The education of the Bravanese community. key issues of culture and identity" Educational Studies 22(3) 1996: 331-342.
Examines the educational needs of Bravanese refugees in the UK and compares Brawan and UK educational systems. The Bravanese of Somalia have a distinct Quranic education system characterized by (1) low expense; (2) provision of basic foundational education; (3) training in handicraft skills and trades, particularly for girls; and (4) transmission of the cultural and social traditions and values of Bravanese society. It is argued that the UK's secular education system does not address the cultural and religious needs of the Bravanese refugees and has engendered the fear that the Bravanese identity will disappear in generations to come. An argument for funding of community education for the Bravanese is presented. Recommendations for Bravanese education provision in the UK, including nursery schooling, the development of learning materials, classes for women, and support for future education, are discussed. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Banks, N. J. "The education and employment needs of the Vietnamese in Birmingham, England: are mental health risks evident?" International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 15(4-5) 1995: 20-39.
Vietnamese (N = 183) living in Birmingham, England, were interviewed in their homes regarding socioeconomic, educational, and English-language needs in order to assess mental health risks. Vietnamese refugees first settled in Birmingham in 1976, under a government policy dispersion, and have great difficulty finding stable employment. Their lack of English communication skills has hampered access to educational and training opportunities, and they have had little contact with local and central government support services. About half of those interviewed wanted training to gain employment; others were not aware enough about training possibilities to identify the need. The early British government dispersal initiatives may have compounded problems with language skills, knowledge about British culture, and job opportunities. Since mental health risks stem from tensions within the family as social isolation and feelings of powerlessness increase, these Vietnamese are at risk because community networks and extended families are available. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Bankston, Carl L., 111. "Gender roles and scholastic performance among adolescent Vietnamese women: the Paradox of ethnic patriarchy" Sociological Focus 28(2) 1995: 161-176.
The advancing status of Vietnamese-American women, members of an ethnic group with strong patriarchal traditions in the home country, is usually interpreted as a result of the increasing adoption of relatively egalitarian US values. It is argued here that in one important area of advancement, education, young Vietnamese-American women are actually surpassing the performance of male co-ethnics, although older Vietnamese women show significantly lower levels of education than men. Interview data obtained in an overseas Vietnamese community designed to prepare refugees for resettlement, and participant observation in a Vietnamese-American community in New Orleans, LA, are drawn on to argue that this educational performance occurs not because of the abandonment of patriarchal views, but rather ironically, because of the persistence of these views, which place greater social controls on young women than on young men. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Barken, Elliot Robert. "Americans all? well, some ... immigrants, refugees, and California public opinion, January 1982" Migration Today 12(l) 1984: 13-20.
A sample of 1,015 Californians were asked 5 questions concerning foreigners, refugees, citizenship, and US immigration policies. The results were analyzed and classified by the political position, ancestry/ethnicity, income, education, age, sex, and union affiliation of the respondents. It was found that a majority were (1) sympathetic to the foreign-born, but wanted fewer of them admitted; (2) thought immigration policies should not favor any one region; (3) supported the existing system of immigration preferences. The respondents were split on the issue of refugees; also, it was found that there was a stronger correlation of responses based on age, education, and political leaning than on ancestry, income, and party affiliation, and that Jews most closely confirm these correlations. The findings reinforce the view that Americans are ambivalent toward foreigners and immigrants. (Copyright American Economic Association 1997; all rights reserved)
Baker, Richard. "Refugee assimilation: a study of Polish and Czech refugees" Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 15(2) 1988: 157-183.
In an evaluation of the assimilation into US communities of Eastern European refugees, the situation of 28 Polish and Czech refugees in Boise, Idaho, is compared with that of other groups studied in recent refugee research with regard to factors that assist or impede assimilation. These refugees were interviewed to assess ways in which they are unique and how this affects their assimilation. It was found that English language skill, full-time employment, advanced education, occupational skills, youthfulness, and ethnic enclave assist assimilation; older age, female sex, unemployment, cultural differences, and unrealistic expectations impede it. (Copyright 1990, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)
Barer-Stein, T. "Experiencing the unfamiliar: culture, adaptation and culture shock as aspects of a process of learning" Canadian Ethnic Studies 20(2) 1988.
Barsky, Robert F. "Arguing the American dream a la Canada: former Soviet citizens' justification for their choice of host country" Journal of Refugee Studies 8(2) 1995: 125-141.
Interviews with persons (N not specified) who claimed refugee status in Canada from the former USSR are used to assess the motivations claimants have for choosing particular host countries and the argumentative tactics employed to articulate the decision. It is argued that a refugee's justification for choosing one country over another is often articulated through reference to the "American dream." This dream can function as a point of rapprochement between the claimant and the adjudicators, because both parties are presumably in agreement concerning the basic tenets of the claim, as well as a kind of tacit agreement concerning the character of the America that the claimant asks the country to uphold. Assessing the character of the dream, as described by claimants, also permits assessment of the perception that potential claimants have of America, based on the information available to them in the country of origin. 30 References. Adapted from the source document. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, all rights reserved).