Khasiani, Shanyisa Anota. "The role of education and training in the local integration of women refugees in Kenya" African Urban Quarterly 5(3-4) 1990: 269-275.

Questionnaire data from 445 women refugees in Kenya suggest that education and training do not have as great a potential for promoting their local integration as has been assumed, primarily because extant educational and training programs cannot meet the needs of the large numbers of refugees. Some women do not even know of their existence. These programs must be expanded, and this is an international responsibility; the countries of asylum cannot cope alone. International agencies should establish aggressive outreach programs that reach and inform more women refugees. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Khoo, Siew Ean. "Correlates of welfare dependency among immigrants in Australia" International Migration Review 28(l) 1995: 68-92.

Drawing on data from the 1990 Survey of the Labour Force and Other Characteristics of Migrants conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, examined is the role of migration category, birthplace, period of arrival, age, gender, educational background, and employment status on immigrants' dependence on government pensions and benefits. Significant differences in welfare dependency were observed by birthplace and migration category, even after controlling for age, education, and employment status. Immigrants from Vietnam, Lebanon, and Turkey were more likely than others to be dependent on welfare. Refugees were also more likely than other immigrants to be dependent on welfare; however, the effect of refugee status on welfare dependency diminished with duration of residence. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Kibria, Nazli. "Patterns of Vietnamese refugee women's wage-work in the U.S." Ethnic Groups 7(4) 1989: 297-323.

Patterns of women's wage-work in a Vietnamese refugee community in a low-income inner-city area of Philadelphia, Pa, were examined drawing on questionnaire and interview data from 138 refugee men and women. Analysis reveals that Vietnamese women's wage-work is concentrated in activities of the informal economy, e.g., homework and hotel housekeeping. Three factors influence women's motivations and decisions to seek such jobs: (1) the structure of opportunities and resources in the local economy; (2) cultural traditions and experiences; and (3) demands posed by the women's family care-taking role. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Kissman, Kris and Thanh Van Tran. " Social isolation among the Vietnamese refugees: analysis of some requisites to successful integration" Journal of International and Comparative Social Welfare 4(2) 1988: 35-43.

Analysis of questionnaire data reveals 5 significant predictors of social isolation among 209 adult Vietnamese refugees in Missouri and Texas: age, social adjustment, English language fluency, number of relatives living in the US, and the number of work hours per week. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of social service interventions that can effectively meet the needs of this population. (Copyright 1990, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Kosaka, Futniko. "Language learning in the process of refugee resettlement: a case study comparing conditions in Germany and Japan" International Journal of Japanese Sociology 2 1993: 35-46.

Comparison of language learning among refugees in Germany and Japan reveals three primary difficulties affecting refugee resettlement: (1) personal factors such as individual character and experience; (2) specific circumstances surrounding the resettlement, including the level of host country assistance and cultural differences; and (3) the nature and possibility of social contacts between refugees and their new environment. Analyses of case studies indicates that Germany frequently provides better language-learning assistance, whereas Japanese culture and society are more easily adapted to by its many Indochinese refugees. Addressed are questions of how best to promote language acquisition, as well as improve the situation of refugees in both Germany and Japan. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Kunz, Egon F. "Exile and resettlement: refugee theory" International Migration Review 15(l) 198-211.

This article extends the analysis of factors affecting refugee outcomes to those areas preceding and succeeding flight. Thus, although the refugee situations may appear unique, the study and analysis of recurring elements offer explanations of the events actually observed and enable one to predict the course which future events may take. (abstract from author's article)

Langer, Beryl. "From history to ethnicity: El Salvadoran refugees in Melbourne" Journal of Intercultural Studies 11 (2) 1990:1-13.

El Salvadoran refugee settlement in Melbourne, Australia, is placed in the context of the history of the Salvadoran civil war and the social political divisions on which it is premised. These divisions are glossed within the discourse and practices of multiculturalism, which constructs immigrants not as bearers of history, but as members of ethnic groups defined in terms of language and culture. In the Salvadoran case, the multicultural fiction of ethnic community is challenged by the continuing commitment of many refugees to the political struggle in El Salvador, and a general reluctance to extend the boundaries of imagined community to include people from the "other" side of El Salvadoran politics. Demographic statistics and ethnographic data on Salvadoran refugees in Melbourne reveal "staying in history" and "becoming an ethnic Australian" as strategic responses to the problem of being a refugee. Ways that each strategy is pursued, and the demographic and political characteristics of the groups involved. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Lanphier, C. Michael. "Kanada und die globale Fluchtlingssituation (Canada and the global refugee situation/Le Canada et la situation globale des refugies)" WeltTrends 5, 1994: 19-34.

This article reviews Canada's refugee policy and intake over the recent two decades. From ad hoc series of responses to refugee situations in the 1970s, the government has developed a multi-year policy within a comprehensive legal articulation. Nevertheless, Canada's policy has been driven by the patterns of international conflict that now are understood to be global in nature and impact. The increasing influx of asylum seekers since the mid-1980s caused alterations in Canada's administrative procedures. Furthermore, the refugee policy has to a large extent been influenced by NGO consultations and to a lesser extent by public opinion. This complex of factors has combined with longer-range policy determination to produce a profile of a relatively stable policy with limited possibility of change. As several important issues remain on the international agenda considerable academic research is devoted in Canada to the question whether refugee movements can be prevented by an "early warning" strategy. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, all rights reserved).

Lanphier, C. Michael. "Refugee resettlement: models in action" International Migration Review 17(4) 1983" 4-33.

This paper argues that a limited number of models of resettlement have emerged as a result of the accumulated experience and tradition of resettlement practices in the three major receiving countries of the Southeast Asian refugee influx: France, Canada and the United States. A model of refugee resettlement containing two axes is proposed: volume of refugee intake and emphasis on economic or cultural adaptation. France and Canada exemplify moderate intake with emphasis on economic adaptation, although Quebec uniquely demonstrates moderate intake/emphasis on cultural adaptation. (adapted from Shiel and Beaujot, 1996)

Lanphier, C. Michael. "Canada's response to refugees" International Migration Review 15(l) 198-211.

This paper traces types and numbers of refugees to Canada since World War 11. As policy and practices have evolved considerably in that period a brief review of key developments precedes the discussion of Canada's response to the current refugee situation.

Lavik, Nils-Johan, Edvard Hauff, Anders Skrondal and Oivind Solberg "Mental disorder among refugees and the impact of persecution and exile: some findings from an out-patient population" British Journal of Psychiatry 169(6) 1996: 726-732.

Psychiatric and standard interview measures are drawn on to explore the risk for mental disorder in a consecutive sample of 231 refugees referred to the psychiatric outpatient unit at the U of Oslo, Norway. Results indicate that 46.6% of the patients had a posttraumatic stress disorder as the main diagnosis, though scores on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Global Assessment of Function Measure did not reveal any predictor of psychotic behavior. However, torture emerged as an important predictor of emotional withdrawal/retardation. Also, age, gender, and no employment or education predicted anxiety/depression, while refugee status and no employment or school predicted hostility/aggression. Results confirm earlier findings that refugees constitute a population at risk for mental disorder. Past traumatic stressors and current existence in exile constitute independent risk factors. However, stressors other than those discussed here appear to be important also, particularly regarding psychotic symptoms. (Copyright 1997, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Law, Chi Kwong and Yeheskel Hasenfeld,. "The relationships between the public and the voluntary sectors: the case of refugee resettlement services" Administration in Social Work 13(2) 1989: 15-28.

Two competing theories that explain the relationship between the public and voluntary sectors-the private failure theory and the public goods theory-are examined, using official data on state contracts made with the Office of Refugee Resettlement for the provision of social services under the Refugee Resettlement Program. The results indicate that the private failure theory provides a better explanation for regional variation in the market share of the private sector, whereas the public goods theory provides a better explanation for variation across different types of services. (Copyright 1989, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Leach, B. "Wild cranes and Tibetan refugees: aspects of community education at Douglas College" Journal of the Association of Canadian Community Colleges 5(2) 1981: 61-64.

Le Doux, Cora; and King S. Stephens. "Refugee and immigrant social service delivery: critical management issues" Journal of Multicultural Social Work 2(l) 1992: 31-45.

Given the debate regarding the potential burden on the states to provide health, education, social, and mental health services to refugees, immigrants, and newly legalized aliens, the funding, staffing, service delivery, and information system needs are examined as critical management issues in the resettlement of refugees and in the delivery of social services to eligible legalized aliens in the US. A review of the social work literature on immigrants and refugees highlights the theme of these populations as consumers and recipients of social services. (Copyright 1993, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Lee, Christina. "Not quite a refugee: refugee women in Canada" Healthsharing Magazine 9(3) 1988.

Lengyel, Thomas E. "Crazy to leave: the malpractice of anthropology in refugee settlement" Wisconsin Sociologist 26(4) 1989: 108-125.

Personal experience and documentary data are drawn on to analyze the administration of the Cuban resettlement camp at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, in 1980. The manner and substance of decision making by camp administrators, and the way in which those decisions were implemented or resisted by the lower echelon staff, are addressed. This social experiment involved a controversial effort by administrators to allow the temporarily interned Cubans to govern and police themselves through a hastily arranged hierarchy known as the Cuban Refugee Internal Government. The effort suffered three fundamental and fatal flaws: (1) the US State Dept treated the activities of certain trusted individuals as though they constituted functioning democratic institutions; (2) the covert motive for promoting the Internal Government was administrative expedience, which conflicted with more public representations; and (3) relations between the camp administration and front line staff were plagued by elitism, which disrupted the information flow. (Copyright 1990, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Levack, Chris. "Working with Vietnamese refugee children in Great Britain: a teacher's experience" International Settlement Canada Research Resource 7(l) 1993: 5-7.

This article chronicles one teacher's experience teaching refugee children. It also outlines Britain's refugee reception program, with special focus on how the program deals with school age children. The paper then describes the program designed to help children adapt to Britain during the waiting period before they begin school. It is hoped that these types of programs can be expanded throughout the country to help provide pre-school integration for all refugee children entering the country.

Lin, Keh-Ming, L. Tazuma and M. Masuda. "Adaptational problems of Vietnamese refugees" Archives of General Psychology 36, 1979.

Luciuk, Lybomyr Y. "Unintended consequences of refugee resettlement: post-war Ukrainian refugee immigration to Canada" International Migration Review 20(2) 1986: 467-48 1.

This article examines the resettlement of Ukrainian displaced persons (DPs) in Canada during the immediate post-World War II period (1945-1951). Allowed to emigrate from Western Europe to Canada, partially as a result of lobbying efforts of various voluntary agencies established by Ukrainian Canadians, these DPs soon became embroiled in acrimonious debates with representatives of the previously established Ukrainian population. The DPs' creation of a number of new organizations both alienated the receiving Ukrainian society and had deleterious effect on the latter's overseas refugee relief and resettlement operations, which lasted only until 1951. (adapted from Shiel and Beauj ot, 1996)

MacDonald, Jeff. "Adult refugee education in Portland, Oregon, U.S.A" Convergence 23(3) 1990: 71-82.

Malunoudi, Kooros M. "Refugee cross-cultural adjustment: Tibetans in India" International Journal of Intercultural Relations 16(l) 1992: 17-32.

Following a general overview of the problems of placement and adjustment experienced by the 15+ million refugees displaced around the globe, described are ways that Tibetan refugees in India have accepted the challenges of adjustment in light of their different culture, language, religion, and ethnic background. Their patterns of social organization in exile have made the Tibetans uniquely well-adjusted, with notable economic and social gains. It is shown how the institutions of religion, the economy, education, and government have facilitated the adjustment of Tibetans to their environment in India, allowing them to serve as a model for other international refugees. (Copyright 1993, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Majhanovich, Suzanne E. and Ljubo D. Majhanovich. "Implications of intra-European mobility on education: education for immigrants and refugees" Canadian and International Education 24(l) 1995: 71-82.

Majka, Lorraine and Brendan Mullan. "Employment retention, area of origin, and type of social support among refugees in the Chicago area" International Migration Review 26(3) 1992: 899-926.

Data from a statewide refugee database are used to explore the influence of various socio-demographic variables on refugee's employment propensities in the greater metropolitan Chicago (111) area. Analysis indicates that the type of support structure that a refugee can access, the number of dependents in a household, and a refugee's chronological age, sex, ability to read and write English, and area of origin all have a significant impact on employment retention possibilities. Background characteristics and exposure to US assistance organizations also influenced refugees' labor force participation patterns. (Copyright 1993, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Macklin, Audry. "Refugee women and the imperative of categories" Human Rights Quarterly 17(2) 1995: 213-277.

Guidelines issued by the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board in 1993 are used to examine the theoretical and practical implications of using gender as a category in refugee determination. The intent of the guidelines was to interpret the legal definition of a refugee in a gender-sensitive manner, and may be seen as the first formal move by a state to recognize gender prosecution. The guidelines are examined in the broader context of Canadian and international refugee law. The guidelines are critiqued, noting gaps and omissions. Questions of the self/other are also seen to be part of the debate, as gender persecution in refugee acceptor countries remains an issue. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)