Elgie, Kae and Hulene Montgomery. "A community development approach to meeting the resettlement needs of Indochinese refugees" Journal of the Community Development Society 16(l) 1985: 75-93.

The Indochinese refugee movement was unique among refugee movements to Canada. The response of the Kitchener-Waterloo community in Ontario to this movement was also unique in that a community development approach was used to meet Indochinese refugee resettlement needs. Advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed, and the Kitchener-Waterloo experience is analyzed in terms of its applicability to other communities. (Copyright 1986, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

El Solh, Camillia Fawzi "Somalis in London's East End: a community striving for recognition" New Community 17(4) 1991: 539-552.

An attempt to rectify the dearth of studies on Arab communities in England via an account of the Somalis concentrated in London's east end. Somalis were among the earliest Arab migrants to the dock areas of GB, and by the mid-twentieth century, a geographically and ethnically distinct Somali community was identified in the Town Hamlet area of London. Following their nomadic heritage, Somalis tended to be relatively independent, and gravitated toward seafaring. By the mid-1970s, layoffs in the British Merchant Navy put large numbers of Somalis on welfare. In the 1980s, political turmoil in Somalia resulted in an influx of new arrivals into London. Both older seafarers and new refugees now face problems of access to housing, education, and employment. Clan consciousness is resurging and, through its inherent factionalism, is becoming a barrier to organizing the Somali community in their fight for a fairer share of resources. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Epstein, Marge and Sid L. Mohn. "Planning for pluralism: a report on a Chicago agency's efforts on behalf of immigrants and refugees" Journal of Multicultural Social Work 2(l) 1992: 119-123.

Travelers and Immigrants Aid (TIA) of Chicago, Ill, established in 1888, offers the following services to refugees from Southeast Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe: community education to fulfill legalization requirements; legal counseling and representation; resettlement, placement, and employment programs; psychological and physical therapy for torture survivors; school preparation for children; and substance abuse prevention and housing programs. Major current constraints on TIA are indicated, e.g., increase in substance abuse and family violence, as well as budgetary constraints. Recommendations for improvement of service delivery by TIA focus groups are outlined. (Copyright 1993, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Escalona, Ana and Richard Black. "Refugees in Western Europe: bibliographic review and state of the art" Journal of Refugee Studies 8(4) 1995: 364-389.

A review of the post-1988 literature on recent refugee flows and their consequences in the Western European countries of France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Spain, and Italy. Discussion includes: (1) general study of background of refugee flows in the region, including examination of theoretical perspectives and definitions of refugees; (2) the numerical significance of refugees ii Western Europe and geographical patterns of movement; (3) recent changes in asylum policy in Western Europe countries, including examination of national trends and the contradictory trend toward harmonization of policies at a European level; and (4) settlement and integration of refugees, including links between national refugee settlement policies and asylum policies. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Etzioni, Amitai. "Refugee resettlement: the infighting in Washington" Public Interest 65 1981: 15-29.

On the basis of personal experience as a White House adviser, the Carter administration's efforts to organize refugee services more effectively in the face of the massive influx of refugees from Southeast Asia in 1979 are traced. Initial suggestions called for an increased federal role; it was recommended instead that the federal government act only as a catalyst and convener, turning responsibility over to the private (voluntary) sector. Among the issues considered in trying to reconcile these views were: relationships between smaller voluntary agencies that traditionally had served refugees and large agencies that, while new to refugee resettlement, commanded greater resources; the questionable ability of even large agencies to provide sufficient funds and personnel to resettle such large numbers of refugees; and tensions between refugees and US minorities, particularly over jobs and housing. The flood of Cuban and Haitian refugees in 1980 overtook the process of reorganization, and most of the resettlement process. (Copyright, Sociological Abstracts, 1982, Incorporated, all rights reserved).

Fairbairn, Kenneth J. and Hafiza Khatun. "Residential segregation and the intra-urban migration of South Asians in Edmonton" Canadian Ethnic Studies 21(l) 1989: 45-64.

This paper examines the nexus between ethnic residential segregation and intra-urban mobility. It reasons that one expression of ethnic minority assimilation is its pattern of household locations and relocation activity ... South Asian households in Edmonton ... are shown to be weakly segregated. The intra-urban migration behaviour of a sample of these households also shows little tendency towards spatial concentration. (Copyright 1990, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Fairbank, D.T. and R.L. Hough. "Life event classifications and the event-illness relationship" Journal of Human Stress 1979: 41-47.

Fass, Simon M. "Through a glass darkly: cause and effect in refugee resettlement policies" Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 4(4): 554-572.

Interpretation of cause and effect in human action is often extremely difficult; especially complicated for the policy analyst is the problem of determining whether causal relationships are inferred from the evidence or imputed to it. This dilemma characterizes certain types of government activity in which distinctions between policy and implementation, decisions and actions, and inputs and outcomes are unclear. The efforts of the federal government between 1960 and 1985 to assist refugees in securing employment illustrate how the flow of events may elude a causal explanation and how conclusions and recommendations for improvement, derived from the evidence, may prove highly ambiguous. In such instances, it may prove more rational for policy analysts to concede ignorance. (Copyright 1986, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved).

Firman, C. "Occupational assimilation of refugees" International Migration Review 15(l) 1983.

Fitzpatrick, Joan. "Ethical refugee policy and the moral relevance of numbers: response to Adelman and Churgin" International Migration Review 30(l) 1996: 325-332.

Comments on articles by Howard Adelman, "The Right of Repatriation - Canadian Refugee Policy: The Case of Rwanda," and by

Michael Churgin, "Mass Exoduses: The Response of the United States". Both authors suggest that the number of immigration/asylum seekers has both moral relevance and political significance. This tendency to treat refugees in groups reflects the diminishing importance of the individual in the formation of refugee policy. The contemporary refugee crisis caused by the war in the former Yugoslavia and the response by Western European states illustrate this dilemma. (Copyright 1996, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Florin, Frits. "Refugee students in the Netherlands" Higher Education and Research in the Netherlands 19(3) 1975: 19-23.

The refugee student population is a small group consisting of people who left their countries for political and cultural reasons and others who were invited by the Dutch government in response to more specific conditions, e.g., Czechs in 1968 and Chileans in 1973. Some of their problems and types of assistance available are described, including: (1) qualification recognition, (2) language difficulties, (3) finances, and (4) a shortage of admission places. Those who arrive at the invitation of the government are placed in reception centers. Some problems that arise with their isolation from the surrounding community are identified. The type of assistance needed for integration into the U community is often lacking. (Copyright 1977, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Frankenhoff, Charles A. "Cuban, Haitian refugees in Miami: public policy needs for growth from welfare to mainstream" Migration Today 13(3) 1985: 7-13.

A set of four interrelated policy premises for the analysis of public policy needs for Cuban and Haitian refugees in Miami, Florida is proposed. Major problem areas are identified, e.g., employment, housing, language, finances, mental health, and education, and solutions are proposed. It is assumed that the refugees will not be deported and that public policy should focus on their incorporation into the community on a self-supporting basis. (Copyright 1986, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved).

Friedl, Reinhold. "Highly political education: refugee education problems in the horn of Africa" Migration World Magazine 18(2) 1990: 10-16.

An examination of education and training assistance given by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to countries who are hosts to refugees in Africa. Statistical data are used to reveal the large number of children among the refugee populations there and their educational needs. Some educational problems of the Ethiopian refugees in the Republic of Djibouti are outlined: language conflicts, especially the use of language as a political issue; local integration problems; difficulties in articulating educational interests due to the refugees' rural origins; overcrowding; and young intellectuals suspected to be state security threats. Djibouti's economy, already stressed by the Ethiopia-Somalia war, was doubly stressed by the Ethiopian refugees. The refugees were unwanted, and many were resettled to Egypt where they experienced linguistic problems resulting in lower educational level placement; educational and professional UNHCR goals were not realized. (Copyright 1990, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Frye, Barbara A. "Use of cultural themes in promoting health among Southeast Asian refugees" American Journal of Health Promotion 9(4) 1995: 269-280.

Cultural themes pertinent to the development of culturally relevant Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Hmong refugee health promotion strategies are examined via interview data from 93 refugees and review of 106 manuscripts from the fields of health, social and political science, history, and Southeast Asian folklore. The analysis reveals two prominent cultural themes common to these populations: (1) kinship solidarity, and (2) the search for equilibrium. The relevance of these themes to causation of ill health, management of suffering, the refugee experience, physical health risks, psychological and psychosomatic risks, and changes in family structure are discussed. Health promotion strategies utilizing such cultural themes as use of cultural imagery and culture-bound syndromes are presented. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Gardner, Sheena, Eleoussa Polyzoi, and Yvette Rampaul. "Refugee experience, educational background, and ESL: lessons from learners" TESL Manitoba 12(2) 1996: 3-13.

Gardner, Sheena, Eleoussa Polyzoi, and Yvette Rampaul. "Individual variables, literacy history and ESL progress among Kurdish and Bosnian immigrants." TESL Canada Journal 14(1) 1996: 1-20.

This study examines the relationship between individual variables and ESL progress among 9 Kurdish and 7 Bosnian immigrants. All were adult refugees who came to Canada with virtually no English. Significant correlations were found between the dependent variables of oral and written progress and the independent variables of literacy level, years of schooling and ethnicity. Contingency, text quality, and text quantity are also examined.

Gold, Steven J. "The employment potential of refugee entrepreneurship: Soviet Jews and Vietnamese in California" Policy Studies Review 11(2) 1992: 176-186.

Interviews with the proprietors of 21 Soviet Jewish and 46 Vietnamese enterprises in CA are used to explore the prospects for refugee self-employment. Considered are: the characteristics of self-employed refugees, resources and motives for opening businesses, and use of community-based sources of capital, labor, customers, and information. (Copyright 1994, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Gold, Steven. "The Americanization of Vietnamese" Society 27(l) 1989.

Goldstein, Beth. "In search of survival: the education and integration of Hmong refugee girls" Journal of Ethnic Studies 16(2) 1988.

Grundy, Shirley. "Being and becoming an Australian: classroom discourse and the construction of identity" Discourse 15(l) 1994: 16-31.

An exploration of language's formative nature analyses the language-expressed discursive and communicative practices of the Australian classroom lesson, A transcription of the lesson, part of a 1989 study of inner-city suburban school teachers' interactions with a pluri-ethnic student body from migrant and refugee backgrounds, revealed incongruities when "our lesson" in Australian history was presented as "our history" to temporary resident students. The assimilationist discourse of the lesson indicates a particular identity form (or position of subjectivity) for students to adopt, specifically the traditional values of fairness and equality. (Copyright 1995, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Haines, David W. "Patterns in Southeast Asian refugee employment: a reappraisal of the existing research" Ethnic Groups 7(l) 1987: 39-63.

Research on the economic adjustment of Southeast Asian refugees in the US is reviewed, focusing on general employment patterns, major correlates of employment, and multivariate statistical analyses of the relative effects of these correlates. The data show consistent improvement in the refugees' economic adjustment, and demonstrate that English language competence, occupational background, and educational level in the country of origin are good predictors of employment. Research on the second generation of refugees is needed to explain the reasons for the consistent improvement pattern. (Copyright 1992, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Haines, David W. "Kinship in Vietnamese refugee resettlement: a review of the US experience" Journal of Comparative Family Studies 19(l) 1988: 1-16.

From 1975 to 1985, approximately 500,000 refugees from Vietnam were resettled in the US. Their experience has generated a large and eclectic body of research, one aspect of which is reviewed: the ways in which kinship changes and continues across the exodus experience, and the way it affects refugee adaptation to the US. Specifically, described are: (1) the structure of Vietnamese kinship; (2) the changes and continuities in family structure across the migration experience; (3) the interaction of kinship with refugee economic adjustment; and (4) some of the ways in which kinship conditions non-economic aspects of adjustment. The potential of this body of research within the broader context of immigrant adaptation is considered. (Copyright 1988, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)

Haines, David, D. Rutherford and P. Thomas. "Family and community among Vietnamese refugees" International Migration Review 15(l) 1981.

Haines, David, D. Rutherford and P. Thomas. "The case for exploratory fieldwork: understanding the adjustment of Vietnamese refugees in the Washington area" Anthropological Quarterly 54(2) 1981.

Haines, David W., Dorothy Rutherford and Patrick Thomas. "The case for exploratory fieldwork: understanding the adjustment of Vietnamese refugees in the Washington area" Anthropological Quarterly 54(2) 1981: 94-102.

The anthropological techniques of exploratory fieldwork can make a contribution to the understanding of ethnic groups in metropolitan areas, to interdisciplinary fields, e.g., refugee studies, and to the researcher's professional development. These contributions are described with respect to a series of field efforts with Vietnamese refugees in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. The MD and VA suburbs have consistently hosted one of the nation's largest Indochinese refugee clusters. Results of the field research help to clarify the social context of the Vietnamese refugees' adjustment process, the deceptiveness in this case of the traditional analytic categories of "economics" or "the family," and the extended, spatial, and temporal dimensions of adjustment. What appears most clearly is the continuing importance of kinship as the mediator of adjustment. While the Washington milieu affects the refugees themselves, it has even more important effects on the conduct of research. (Copyright 1982, Education Research Index, Incorporated, all rights reserved).