3. Equipment

3.1 Type of centrifuge

3.1.1 Beam type centrifuges

3.1.2 Drum type centrifuges

3.2 Important points to be considered

3.2.1 Scaling laws for static models

3.2.2 Scaling laws for dynamic models

3.2.3 Rotational acceleration and stress field

3.2.4 Modeling of models principle

3.2.5 Coriolis effect in centrifuge

3.2.6 Grain size effects

3.3 Instrumentation

3.3.1 Pore water pressure transducers

3.3.2 Accelerometers

3.3.3 Earth pressure gauges

3.3.4 Displacement transducers

3.3.5 Miniature resistivity probe

3.3.6 Data acquisition systems

3.3.7 Visual data acquisition and image analysis

3.3.8 X-ray system

3.3.9 Fluid control systems

3.4 Method of earthquake simulation

3.4.1 Development of shaking system

3.4.2 Piezoelectric system

3.4.3 Electro-magnetic system

3.4.4 Mechanical actuator

3.4.5 Hydraulic actuator

3.5 Others

3.5.1 Safety management

3.5.2 Maintenance