Title
Contact Information:
Mailing Address
Department of Psychology
P-217 Biological Sciences Bldg
University of Alberta
Edmonton, AB
Canada T6G 2E9
Email

vlslab@ualberta.ca

Research Activity and Outputs

There are four sections to this page. The first section features VLS manuscripts in progress or submitted to journals. The second section of the page includes VLS Publications presented in reverse chronological order (starting with 2026). The third section identifies VLS Intellectual Property. The last section includes a brief list of current VLS Research Projects and Interests.

Please contact vlslab@ualberta.ca for reprints and further information.

Publications
Active Research, Submitted Papers
  • Bohn, L., Vandenberg, P., Fah, H., & Dixon, R.A. (2026). A machine learning approach to precision frailty assessment and prediction of clinical conditions along an Alzheimer’s disease spectrum: A multi-cohort COMPASS-ND study. (Manuscript)
  • Caballero, H.S., Andrews, S.J., Masellis, M., & Dixon, R.A. (2026). Identifying key sex-specific polygenic risk scores and multi-modal predictors discriminating four cohorts in the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum: A comparative study using machine learning technology. (Manuscript)
  • Caballero, H.S., Bohn, L., Vergote, D., Andrews, S.J., Jhamandas, J.H., & Dixon, R.A. (2026). Polygenic risk scores, vascular health and sex interactively predict memory aging trajectories: A dynamic Alzheimer's disease biomarker network approach. (Submitted for Publication)
  • Drouin, S.M., Bohn, L., Zhao, S., Li, L., & Dixon, R.A. (2026). Integrating novel metabolomics biomarkers with multi-modal risk factors in predicting mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: A data-driven COMPASS-ND study. (Manuscript)
  • Drouin, S.M., Potvin, O., Fah, H., Anstey, K.A., Masellis, M., Duchesne, S., & Dixon, R.A. (2026). Detecting dynamic pathways and risk indicators of resilience, vulnerability and stability in normally aging females and males: Integrating data-driven longitudinal and machine learning analyses. (Submitted for Publication)
  • Fah, H., Greiner, R., Bennett, D.A., & Dixon, R.A. (2026). Estimating delays in Alzheimer’s disease onset from risk factor modification using reinforcement learning: A ROSMAP study. (Submitted for Publication)
  • Heal, M., Caballero, H.S., Bohn, L., Vergote, D., Jhamandas, J.H., & Dixon, R.A. (2026). Inflammation-related genetic risk and sex are moderators of vascular health predictions of asymptomatic memory aging trajectories: The role of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells-1 (TREM1). (Manuscript)
  • Xu, J.-J., Goddard, E., Dixon, R.A., Eramudugolla, R., Huang, R., Jiang, H.-X., & Anstey, K.J. (2026). Sex difference in brain reserve of working memory among older adults. (Submitted for Publication)
  • McFall, G.P., Drouin, S.M., Potvin, O., Dieumegarde, L., Rajah, M.N., Collins, L.D., Duchesne, S., & Dixon, R.A. Longitudinal trajectories of left and right hippocampal volume are moderated by APOE and sex in cognitively normal older adults. (Submitted for Publication)
2026–2024
  • Bohn, L., Vandenburg, P., Fah, H., Rajah, M.N., Einstein, G.E., & Dixon, R.A. (2026). Evaluating sex and gender as independent and interactive predictors of memory aging trajectory classes: An integrative data-driven approach. Biology of Sex Differences, 17, Article 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13293-026-00864-2
  • Fah, H., Greiner, R., & Dixon, R.A. (2026). Temporally consistent survival prediction for non-uniform longitudinal data. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 176, 104996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2026.104996
  • Rajah, M.N., Dixon, R.A., Einstein, G., Stern, Y., & The Brain Resilience and Diversity in Aging and Dementia Collaboratory (2026). A roadmap for conducting more inclusive research on brain resilience in ageing and dementia. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 27, 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-01021-1
  • Bohn, L., Zheng, Y., McFall, G.P., Andrew, M.K., & Dixon, R.A. (2025). Frailty in motion: Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s disease cohorts display heterogeneity in multimorbidity classification and longitudinal transitions. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 104(3), 732–750. https://doi.org/10.1177/13872877251319547
  • Caballero, H.S., Andrews, S.J., Jhamandas, J.H., Camicioli, R., Masellis, M., & Dixon, R.A. (2025). Integrating polygenic risk scores, modifiable dementia risk factors, and sex as predictors of cohort membership in the Alzheimer’s and Lewy body disease spectra: A COMPASS-ND study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 21(S7), e108960 (Abstract). https://doi.org/10.1002/alz70861_108960
  • Dixon, R.A., & Bohn, L. (2025). Advancing research on diversity and resilience in aging and dementia: Methodological challenges and roadmap recommendations. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 21(S6), e099973 (Abstract). https://doi.org/10.1002/alz70860_099973
  • Dixon, R.A., Drouin, S., Bohn, L. Zhao, S., & Li, L. (2025). Integrating novel metabolomics biomarkers with multi-modal risk factors in predicting mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 21(S2), e104500 (Abstract). https://doi.org/10.1002/alz70856_104500
  • Fah, H., Bohn, L., Greiner, R., & Dixon, R.A. (2025). Comparing machine learning classifier models in discriminating cognitively unimpaired older adults from three clinical cohorts in the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum: Demonstration analyses in the COMPASS-ND study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 17, Article 1542514. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2025.1542514
  • Xu, Y., McFall, G.P., Rydén, L., Skoog, J., Chang, E., Cysique, L.A., Harris, K., Kedwell, S., Lim, M.L., Anstey, K.J., Anderson, C.S., Dixon, R.A., Skoog, I., Tully, P.J., & Peters, R. (2025). Cumulative blood pressure load and cognitive decline in older adults: An observational analysis of two large cohorts. Cerebral Circulation: Cognition and Behavior, 8, Article 100375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cccb.2024.100375
  • Bohn, L., Han, A.Y., McFall, G.P., Drouin, S.M., Pettersen, J.A., Einstein, G., Rajah, M.N., Anstey, K.J., & Dixon, R.A. (2024). Gender selectively mediates the association between sex and memory in cognitively normal older adults. Innovation in Aging, 8(11), Article igae0894. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igae094
  • Caballero, H.S., McFall, G.P., Gee, M., MacDonald, S., Phillips, N., Fogarty, J., Montero-Odasso, M., Camicioli, R., & Dixon, R.A. (2024). Cognitive speed in neurodegenerative disease: Comparing mean rate and inconsistency within and across the Alzheimer's and Lewy Body Spectra in the COMPASS-ND study. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 100(2), 579–601. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-240210
  • Caballero. H.S., Vergote, D., Andrews, S.J., Jhamandas, J.H., Chertkow, H., Camicioli, R., Masellis, M., & Dixon, R.A. (2024). Integrating data-driven polygenic risk scores, vascular health, and sex in dynamic Alzheimer’s and Lewy body biomarker networks: Precision prediction of cognitive change and clinical status in the Victoria Longitudinal and COMPASS-ND studies. Canadian Geriatrics Journal, 27(3), 351 (Abstract). https://doi.org/10.5770/cgj.27.782
  • Robillard, J.M., Masellis, M., Martin, S.E., Khachaturian, A.S., & Dixon, R.A. (2024). The return of biomarker results in research: Balancing complexity, precision, and ethical responsibility. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 97(3), 1083–1090. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-230359
2023–2021
  • Bohn, L., Drouin, S.M., McFall, G.P., Rolfson, D.B., Andrew, M.K., & Dixon, R.A. (2023). Machine learning analyses identify multi-modal frailty factors that selectively discriminate four cohorts in the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum: A COMPASS-ND study. BMC Geriatrics, 23, Article 837. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04546-1
  • Bohn, L., McFall, G.P., Gee, M., Postuma, R.B., Dixon, R.A., & Camicioli, R. (2023). Dementia risk prediction in a longitudinal geriatric Parkinson’s disease cohort: Evaluation and application of the Montréal Parkinson Risk of Dementia Scale. Canadian Geriatrics Journal, 26(1), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.5770/cgj.26.617
  • McFall, G.P., Bohn, L., Drouin, S.M., Gee, M., Fah, H., Han, W., Li, L., Camicioli, R., & Dixon, R.A. (2023). Identifying key multi-modal predictors of incipient dementia in Parkinson's disease: A machine learning analysis and Tree SHAP interpretation. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 15, Article 1124232. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1124232
  • Zheng, L., Eramudugolla, R., Cherbuin, N., Drouin, S.M., Dixon, R.A., & Anstey, K.J. (2023). Gender specific factors contributing to cognitive resilience in APOE ɛ4 positive older adults in a population-based sample. Scientific Reports, 13, 8037. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34485-1
  • Bohn, L., Drouin, S.M., McFall, G.P., Rolfson, D.B., Andrew, M.K., & Dixon, R.A. (2023). Machine learning analyses identify multi-morbidity features that discriminate four cohorts in the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum: A COMPASS-ND study. Canadian Geriatrics Journal, 26(1), 205 (Abstract). https://doi.org/10.5770/cgj.26.659
  • Caballero, S., McFall, G.P., Heal, M., Vergote, D., Andrews, S., Jhamandas, J., Westaway, D., Masellis, M., & Dixon, R.A. (2023). Do polygenic risk scores representing Alzheimer’s disease global risk or specific mechanisms predict non-demented memory aging trajectories differentially in females and males? Canadian Geriatrics Journal, 26(1), 206 (Abstract). https://doi.org/10.5770/cgj.26.659
  • Drouin, S.M., McFall, G.P., Potvin, O., Zheng, L., Anstey, K.J., Masellis, M., Bellec, P., Duchesne, S., & Dixon, R.A. (2022). Memory resilience in cognitively normal older adults with advanced hippocampal atrophy: Data-driven approaches to detection and prediction. Canadian Geriatrics Journal, 25(1), 116 (Abstract). https://doi.org/10.5770/cgj.25.596
  • Drouin, S.M., McFall, G.P., & Dixon, R.A. (2022). Subjective memory concerns, poor vascular health, and male sex predict exacerbated memory decline trajectories: An integrative data-driven class and prediction analysis. Neuropsychology, 36(2), 128–139. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000784
  • Drouin, S.M., McFall, G.P., Potvin, O., Bellec, P., Masellis, M., Duchesne, S., & Dixon, R.A. for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2022). Data-driven analyses of longitudinal hippocampal imaging trajectories: Discrimination and biomarker prediction of change classes. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 88, 97–115. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-215289
  • Harris, C.B., Sutton, J., Keil, P.G., McIlwain, N., Harris, S.A., Barnier, A.J., Savage, G., & Dixon, R.A. (2022). Ageing together: Interdependence in the memory compensation strategies of long-married older couples. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 854051. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.854051
  • Heal, M., McFall, G.P., Vergote, D., Jhamandas, J.H., Westaway, D., & Dixon, R.A. (2022). Bridging Integrator 1 (BIN1, rs6733839) and sex are moderators of vascular health predictions of memory aging trajectories. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 89, 265–281. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-220334
  • Sapkota, S., McFall, G.P., Masellis, M., Dixon, R.A., & Black, S.E. (2022). Differential cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease is predicted by changes in ventricular size but moderated by Apolipoprotein E and pulse pressure. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 85(2), 545–560. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-215068
  • Anstey, K.J., & Dixon, R.A. (2021). Resilience in midlife and aging. In K.W. Schaie & S.L. Willis (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (9th ed., pp. 287–300). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816094-7.00023-4
  • Anstey, K.J., Peters, R., Mortby, M., Kiely, K.M., Eramudugolla, R., Cherbuin, N., Huque, H., & Dixon, R.A. (2021). Association of sex differences in dementia risk factors with sex differences in memory decline in a population-based cohort spanning 20–76 years. Scientific Reports, 11, Article 7710. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86397-7
  • Bohn, L., Zheng, Y., McFall, G.P., & Dixon, R.A. (2021). Portals to frailty? Data-driven analyses detect early frailty profiles. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 13, Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00736-w
  • Caballero, H.S., McFall, G.P., Wiebe, S., & Dixon, R.A. (2021). Integrating three characteristics of executive function in non-demented aging: Trajectories, classification, and biomarker predictors. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 27(2), 158–171. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617720000703
  • Caballero, H.S., McFall, G.P., Zheng, Y., & Dixon, R.A. (2021). Data-driven approaches to executive function performance and structure in aging: Integrating person-centered analyses and machine learning risk prediction. Neuropsychology, 35(8), 889–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000775
  • Sapkota, S., McFall, G.P., Masellis, M., & Dixon, R.A. (2021). A multimodal risk network predicts executive function trajectories in non-demented aging. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 13, Article 621023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.621023
2020–2018
  • Anstey, K.J., Peters, R., Zheng, L., Barnes, D.E., Brayne, C., Brodaty, H., Chalmers, J., Clare, L., Dixon, R.A., Dodge, H., Lautenschlager, N., Middleton, L., Qiu, C., Rees, G., Sahar, S., & Yaffe, K. (2020). Future directions for dementia and prevention research: An International Research Network on Dementia Prevention consensus. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 78(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200674
  • Badhwar, A., McFall, G.P., Sapkota, S., Black, S., Chertkow, H., Duchesne, S., Masellis, M., Li, L., Dixon, R.A., & Bellec, P. (2020). A multiomics approach to heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease: Focused review and roadmap. Brain, 143(5), 1315–1331. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz384
  • Bohn, L., McFall, G.P., Wiebe, S.A., & Dixon, R.A. (2020). Body mass index predicts cognitive aging trajectories selectively for females: Evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Neuropsychology, 34(4), 388–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000617
  • Drouin, S.M., McFall, G.P., & Dixon, R.A. (2020). In multiple facets of Subjective Memory Decline sex moderates memory predictions. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring, 12(1), e12089. https://doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12089
  • Peters, R., Yasar, S., Anderson, C., Andrews, S.J., ... Dixon, R.A., ... McFall, G.P., ... & Anstey, K.J. (2020). Investigation of antihypertensive class, dementia, and cognitive decline: A meta-analysis. Neurology, 94(3), e267–e281. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008732
  • Andrews, S.J., McFall, G.P., Booth, A., Dixon, R.A., & Anstey, K.J. (2019). Association of Alzheimer's disease genetic risk loci with cognitive performance and decline: A systematic review. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 69, 1109–1136. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-190342
  • Andrews, S.J., McFall, G.P., Dixon, R.A., & Anstey, K.J. (2019). Alzheimer's environmental and genetic risk scores are differentially associated with general cognitive ability and dementia severity. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 33, 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000292
  • Dixon, R.A., & Lachman, M.E. (2019). Risk and protective factors in cognitive aging: Advances in assessment, prevention, and promotion of alternative pathways. In G.R. Samanez-Larkin (Ed.), The aging brain: Functional adaptation across adulthood (pp. 217–263). Washington, DC: APA Books. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000143-009
  • Hertzog, C., McFall, G.P., Small, B.J., & Dixon, R.A. (2019). Age, cohort, and period effects on metamemory beliefs. Psychology and Aging, 34(8), 1077–1089. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000384
  • McFall, G.P., Bäckman, L., & Dixon, R.A. (2019). Nuances in Alzheimer's genetic risk reveal differential predictions of non-demented memory aging trajectories: Selective patterns by APOE genotype and sex. Current Alzheimer Research, 16(4), 302–315. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205016666190315094452
  • McFall, G.P., McDermott, K.L., & Dixon, R.A. (2019). Modifiable risk factors discriminate memory trajectories in non-demented aging: Precision factors and targets for promoting healthier brain aging and preventing dementia? Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 70, S101–S118. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-180571
  • Thibeau, S., McDermott, K.L., McFall, G.P., Rockwood, K., & Dixon, R.A. (2019). Frailty effects on non-demented cognitive trajectories are moderated by sex and Alzheimer's genetic risk. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 11, 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-019-0509-9
  • Thibeau, S., McFall, G.P., Camicioli, R., & Dixon, R.A. (2019). Physical activity and mobility differentially predict non-demented executive function trajectories: Do sex and APOE moderate these associations? Gerontology, 65, 640–648. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496442
  • Huan, T., Tran, T., Zheng, J., Sapkota, S., Camicioli, R., Dixon, R.A., & Li, L. (2018). Metabolomics analyses of saliva detect novel biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 65(4), 1401–1416. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-180711
  • MacDonald, S.W.S., Keller, C.J.C., Brewster, P.W.H., & Dixon, R.A. (2018). Contrasting olfaction, vision, and audition as predictors of cognitive change and impairment in non-demented older adults. Neuropsychology, 32(4), 450–460. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000439
  • Sapkota, S., & Dixon, R.A. (2018). A network of genetic effects on non-demented cognitive aging: Alzheimer’s genetic risk (CLU + CR1 + PICALM) intensifies cognitive aging genetic risk (COMT + BDNF) selectively for APOE ε4 carriers. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 62(2), 887–900. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170909
  • Sapkota, S., Huan, T., Tran, T., Zheng, J., Camicioli, R., Li, L., & Dixon, R.A. (2018). Alzheimer's biomarkers from multiple modalities selectively discriminate clinical status: Relative importance of salivary metabolomics panels, genetic, lifestyle, cognitive, functional health, and demographic risk markers. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10, 296. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00296
2017–2015
  • Harris, C., Barnier, A.J., Sutton, J., Keil, P.G., & Dixon, R.A. (2017). Going episodic: Collaborative inhibition and facilitation when long-married couples remember together. Memory, 25(8), 1148–1159. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2016.1274405
  • MacDonald, S.W.S., Hundza, S., Love, J., DeCarlo, C.A., Halliday, D.W., Brewster, P.W., Lukyn, T.V., Camicioli, R., & Dixon, R.A. (2017). Concurrent indicators of gait velocity and variability are associated with 25-year cognitive change: A retrospective longitudinal investigation. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00017
  • McDermott, K., McFall, G.P., Andrews, S.J., Anstey, K.J., & Dixon, R.A. (2017). Memory resilience to Alzheimer's genetic risk: Sex effects in predictor profiles. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 72(6), 937–946. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw161
  • McFall, G.P., Sapkota, S., Thibeau, S., & Dixon, R.A. (2017). Trajectories and modifiers of executive function: Normal aging to neurodegenerative disease. In S.A. Wiebe & J. Karbach (Eds.), Executive function: Development across the life span (pp. 263–277). Oxford, UK: Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315160719-18
  • Sapkota, S., Bäckman, L., & Dixon, R.A. (2017). Executive function performance and change in aging is predicted by apolipoprotein E, intensified by catechol-O-methyltransferase and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and moderated by age and lifestyle. Neurobiology of Aging, 52, 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.12.022
  • Thibeau, S., McFall, G.P., Camicioli, R., & Dixon, R.A. (2017). Alzheimer's disease biomarkers interactively influence physical activity, mobility, and cognition associations in a non-demented aging population. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 60(1), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170130
  • Brown, C.L., Robitaille, A., Zelinski, E.M., Dixon, R.A., Hofer, S.M., & Piccinin, A. (2016). Cognitive activity mediates the association between social activity and cognitive performance: A longitudinal study. Psychology and Aging, 31(8), 831–846. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000134
  • DeCarlo, C.A., MacDonald, S.W.S., Vergote, D., Jhamandas, J., Westaway, D., & Dixon, R.A. (2016). Vascular health, genetic risk and Mild Cognitive Impairment status and four-year stability: Evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 71(6), 1004–1014. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv043
  • McFall, G.P., Sapkota, S., McDermott, K.L., & Dixon, R.A. (2016). Risk-reducing apolipoprotein E and clusterin genotypes protect against the consequences of poor vascular health on executive function performance and change in non-demented older adults. Neurobiology of Aging, 42, 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.02.032
  • Sapkota, S., Wiebe, S.A., Small, B.J., & Dixon, R.A. (2016). Apolipoprotein E and clusterin can magnify effects of personality vulnerability on declarative memory performance in non-demented older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(5), 502–509. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4355
  • Thibeau, S., McFall, G.P., Wiebe, S.A., Anstey, K.J., & Dixon, R.A. (2016). Genetic factors moderate everyday physical activity effects on executive function in aging: Evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Neuropsychology, 30(1), 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000217
  • Anstey, K.J., Eramudugolla, R., Hosking, D.E., Lautenschlager, N.T., & Dixon, R.A. (2015). Bridging the translation gap: From dementia risk assessment to advice on risk reduction. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 2(3), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2015.75
  • Martin, S., Mazzocco, C., Grosselin, A., Van der Elst, W., Dixon, R.A., Stephan, Y., Brouillet, D., & Maury, P. (2015). Compensating for memory losses throughout adulthood: Validation and normalization of the Memory Compensation Questionnaire for non-clinical French populations. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 60, 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.10.013
  • McFall, G.P., Wiebe, S.A., Vergote, D., Anstey, K.J., & Dixon, R.A. (2015). Alzheimer’s genetic risk intensifies neurocognitive slowing associated with diabetes in non-demented older adults. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment, & Disease Monitoring, 1(4), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadm.2015.08.002
  • McFall, G.P., Wiebe, S.A., Vergote, D., Westaway, D., Jhamandas, J., Bäckman, L., & Dixon, R.A. (2015). ApoE and pulse pressure interactively influence level and change in the aging of episodic memory: Protective effects among ε2 carriers. Neuropsychology, 29, 388–401. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000150
  • Sapkota, S., Vergote, D., Westaway, D., Jhamandas, J., & Dixon, R.A. (2015). Synergistic associations of COMT and BDNF with executive function in aging are selective and modified by APOE. Neurobiology of Aging, 36, 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.020
2014–2012
  • Anstey, K.J., & Dixon, R.A. (2014). Applying a cumulative deficit model of frailty to dementia: Progress and future challenges. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 6(9), 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-014-0084-z
  • Anstey, K.J., Eramudugolla, R., & Dixon, R.A. (2014). Contributions of a risk assessment approach to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 42, S463–S473. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-141248
  • DeCarlo, C.A., Tuokko, H.A., Williams, D., Dixon, R.A., & MacDonald, S.W.S. (2014). BioAge: Toward a multi-determined, mechanistic account of cognitive aging. Ageing Research Reviews, 18, 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2014.09.003
  • de Frias, C.M., & Dixon, R.A. (2014). Lifestyle engagement affects cognitive status differences and trajectories on executive functions in older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29, 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/act089
  • Dixon, R.A., DeCarlo, C.A., MacDonald, S.W.S., Vergote, D., Jhamandas, J., & Westaway, D. (2014). APOE and COMT polymorphisms are complementary biomarkers of status, stability, and transitions in normal aging and early mild cognitive impairment. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, Article 236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2014.00236
  • Dixon, R.A., & de Frias, C.M. (2014). Cognitively elite, cognitively normal, and cognitively impaired aging: Neurocognitive status and stability moderate memory performance. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36(4), 418–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.903901
  • McFall, G.P., Wiebe, S.A., Vergote, D., Jhamandas, J., Westaway, D., & Dixon, R.A. (2014). IDE (rs6583817) polymorphism and pulse pressure are independently and interactively associated with level and change in executive function in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 29(2), 418–430. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034656
  • Runge, S.K., Small, B.J., McFall, G.P., & Dixon R.A. (2014). APOE moderates the association between lifestyle activities and cognitive performance: Evidence of genetic plasticity in aging. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(5), 478–486. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617714000356
  • Dixon, R.A. (2013). Collaborative memory research in aging: Perspectives on application. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2(2), 128–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.05.001
  • Dixon, R.A., McFall, G.P., Whitehead, B.P., & Dolcos, S. (2013). Cognitive development in adulthood and aging. In R.M. Lerner, M.A. Easterbrooks, & J. Mistry (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Vol. 6 Developmental psychology (2nd ed., pp. 451–474). Editor-in-chief: I.B. Weiner. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • McFall, G.P., Wiebe, S.A., Vergote, D., Westaway, D., Jhamandas, J., & Dixon, R.A. (2013). IDE (rs6583817) polymorphism and Type 2 diabetes differentially modify executive function in older adults. Neurobiology of Aging, 34, 2208–2216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.010
  • Brown, C.L., Gibbons, L.E., Kennison, R.F., Robitaille, A., Lindwall, M., Mitchell, M.B., Shirk, S.D., Atri, A., Cimino, C.R., Benitez, A., MacDonald, S.W.S., Zelinski, E.M., Willis, S.L., Schaie, K.W., Johansson, B., Dixon, R.A., Mungas, D.M., Hofer, S.M., & Piccinin, A.M. (2012). Social activity and cognitive functioning over time: A coordinated analysis of four longitudinal studies. Journal of Aging Research, 2012, Article 287438. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/287438
  • de Frias, C.M., Dixon, R.A., & Camicioli, R. (2012). Neurocognitive speed and inconsistency in Parkinson's disease with and without incipient dementia: An 18-month prospective cohort study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18, 764–772. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617712000422
  • Dixon, R.A., Small, B.J., MacDonald, S.W.S., & McArdle, J.J. (2012). Yes, memory declines with aging--but when, how, and why? In M. Naveh-Benjamin & N. Ohta (Eds.), Memory and aging (pp. 325–347). New York: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203156513-22
  • Dolcos, S., MacDonald, S.W.S., Braslavsky, A., Camicioli, R., & Dixon, R.A. (2012). Mild cognitive impairment is associated with selected functional markers: Integrating concurrent, longitudinal, and stability effects. Neuropsychology, 26, 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026760
  • Lindwall, M., Cimino, C.R., Gibbons, L.E., Mitchell, M.B., Benitez, A., Brown, C.L., Kennison, R.F., Shirk, S.D., Atri, A., Robitaille, A., MacDonald, S.W.S., Zelinski, E.M., Willis, S.L., Schaie, K.W., Johansson, B., Praetorius, M., Dixon, R.A., Mungas, D.M., Hofer, S.M., & Piccinin, A.M. (2012). Dynamic associations of change in physical activity and change in cognitive function: Coordinated analyses of four longitudinal studies. Journal of Aging Research, 2012, Article 493598. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/493598
  • Mitchell, M.B., Cimino, C.R., Benitez, A., Brown, C.L., Gibbons, L.E., Kennison, R.F., Shirk, S.D., Atri, A., Robitaille, A., MacDonald, S.W.S., Lindwall, M., Zelinski, E.M., Willis, S.L., Schaie, K.W., Johansson, B., Dixon, R.A., Mungas, D.M., Hofer, S.M., & Piccinin, A.M. (2012). Cognitively stimulating activities: Effects on cognition across four studies with up to 21 years of longitudinal data. Journal of Aging Research, 2012, Article 461592. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/461592
  • Seaquist, E.R., Latteman, D.F., & Dixon, R.A. (2012). Diabetes and the brain. Diabetes, 61, 3056–3062. https://doi.org/10.2337/db12-0489
  • Small, B.J., Dixon, R.A., McArdle, J.J., & Grimm, K.J. (2012). Do changes in lifestyle engagement moderate cognitive decline in normal aging? Evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Neuropsychology, 26, 144–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026579
  • Zheng, J., Dixon, R.A., & Li, L. (2012). Development of isotope labeling LC-MS for human salivary metabolomics and application to profiling metabolome changes associated with mild cognitive impairment. Analytical Chemistry, 84, 10802–10811. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac3028307
2011–2009
  • Cohen, A.-L., Kantner, J., Dixon, R.A., & Lindsay, D.S. (2011). The intention interference effect: The difficulty of ignoring what you intend to do. Experimental Psychology, 58, 425–433. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000110
  • Dixon, R.A. (2011). Enduring theoretical themes in psychological aging: Derivation, functions, perspectives, and opportunities. In K.W. Schaie & S.L. Willis (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (7th ed., pp. 3–23). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-380882-0.00001-2
  • Dixon, R.A. (2011). Evaluating everyday competence in older adult couples: Epidemiological considerations. Gerontology, 57, 173–179. https://doi.org/10.1159/000320325
  • MacDonald, S.W.S., DeCarlo, C.A., & Dixon, R.A. (2011). Linking biological and cognitive aging: Towards improving characterizations of developmental time. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 66B, i59–i70. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr039
  • MacDonald, S.W.S., Hultsch, D.F., & Dixon, R.A. (2011). Aging and the shape of cognitive change before death: Terminal decline or terminal drop? Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 66B, 292–301. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr001
  • Small, B.J., Dixon, R.A., & McArdle, J.J. (2011). Tracking differences in cognition-health changes from 55 to 95 years of age: Findings from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 66B, i153–i161. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbq093
  • Van der Elst, W., Hoogenhout, E.M., Dixon, R.A., De Groot, R.H.M., & Jolles, J. (2011). The Dutch Memory Compensation Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and regression-based norms. Assessment, 18, 517–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191110370116
  • Whitehead, B.P., Dixon, R.A., Hultsch, D.F., & MacDonald, S.W.S. (2011). Are neurocognitive speed and inconsistency similarly affected in Type 2 diabetes? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33, 647–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2010.547845
  • Zahodne, L.B., Glymour, M.M., Sparks, C., Bontempo, D., Dixon, R.A., MacDonald, S.W.S., & Manly, J.J. (2011). Education does not slow cognitive decline with aging: 12-year evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 1039–1046. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711001044
  • Dixon, R.A. (2010). An epidemiological approach to cognitive health in aging. In L. Bäckman & L. Nyberg (Eds.), Memory, aging, and the brain (pp. 144–166). London: Psychology Press.
  • Hultsch, D.F., Hertzog, C., Dixon, R.A., & Small, B.J. (2010). Memory change in the aged. Cambridge University Press.
  • McFall, G.P., Geall, B.P., Fischer, A.L., Dolcos, S., & Dixon, R.A. (2010). Testing covariates of Type 2 diabetes-cognition associations in older adults: Moderating or mediating effects? Neuropsychology, 24, 547–562. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019246
  • de Frias, C.M., Dixon, R.A., & Strauss, E. (2009). Characterizing executive functioning in older special populations: From cognitively elite to cognitively impaired. Neuropsychology, 23, 778–791. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016743
  • Dixon, R.A., & de Frias, C.M. (2009). Long-term stability and variability in memory compensation among older adults: Evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 41, 1091–1101. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2009.01091
  • Fischer, A.L., de Frias, C.M., Yeung, S.E., & Dixon, R.A. (2009). Short-term longitudinal trends in cognitive performance in older adults with Type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31, 809–822. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390802537636
  • Hultsch, D.F., Bielak, A.A.M., Crow, C.B., & Dixon, R.A. (2009). The way we were: Perceptions of past memory change in older adults. In H.B. Bosworth & C. Hertzog (Eds.), Cognition in aging: Methodologies and applications (pp. 197–216). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11882-010
  • McFall, G.P., Geall, B., & Dixon, R.A. (2009). Is Type 2 diabetes associated with cognitive deficits in older adults? AAGMag, 26(2), 12–15.
  • Yeung, S.E., Fischer, A.L., & Dixon, R.A. (2009). Exploring effects of Type 2 diabetes on cognitive functioning in older adults. Neuropsychology, 23, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013849
2008–2006
  • Dixon, R.A., Garrett, D.D., & Bäckman, L. (2008). Principles of compensation in cognitive neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. In D.T. Stuss, G. Winocur, & I.H. Robertson (Eds.), Cognitive neurorehabilitation (2nd ed.; pp. 22–38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781316529898.004
  • Gagnon, L.M., & Dixon, R.A. (2008). Remembering and retelling stories in individual and collaborative contexts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22, 1275–1297. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1437
  • MacDonald, S.W.S., Hultsch, D.F., & Dixon, R.A. (2008). Predicting impending death: Inconsistency in speed is a selective and early marker. Psychology and Aging, 23, 595–607. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.23.3.595
  • Mansueti, L., de Frias, C.M., Bub, D., & Dixon, R.A. (2008). Exploring cognitive effects of self-reported mild stroke in older adults: Selective but robust effects on story memory. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 15, 545–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825580701858216.
  • Bielak, A.A.M., Hughes, T.F., Small, B.J., & Dixon, R.A. (2007). It's never too late to engage in lifestyle activities: Significant concurrent but not change relationships between lifestyle activities and cognitive speed. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 62B, 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.6.P331
  • de Frias, C.M., Dixon, R.A., Fisher, N., & Camicioli, R. (2007). Intraindividual variability in neurocognitive speed: A comparison of Parkinson's disease and normal older adults. Neuropsychologia, 45, 2499–2507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.022
  • Dixon, R.A., & de Frias, C.M. (2007). Mild memory deficits differentially affect six-year changes in compensatory strategy use. Psychology and Aging, 22, 632–638. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.632
  • Dixon, R.A., Garrett, D.D., Lentz, T.L., MacDonald, S.W.S., Strauss, E., & Hultsch, D.F. (2007). Neurocognitive markers of cognitive impairment: Exploring the roles of speed and inconsistency. Neuropsychology, 21, 381–399. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.21.3.381
  • Dixon, R.A., Rust, T.B., Feltmate, S.E., & Kwong See, S. (2007). Memory and aging: Selected research directions and application issues. Canadian Psychology, 48, 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/cp2007008
  • Bielak, A.A.M., Mansueti, L., Strauss, E., & Dixon, R.A. (2006). Performance on the Hayling and Brixton tests in older adults: Norms and correlates. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2005.08.006
  • de Frias, C.M., Dixon, R.A., & Strauss, E. (2006). Structure of four executive functioning tests in healthy older adults. Neuropsychology, 20, 206–214. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.20.2.206
  • Dixon, R.A. (2006). Metamemory. In R. Schulz (Ed.), Encyclopedia of aging (4th ed.; pp. 772–776). New York: Springer.
  • Small, B.J., Hughes, T.F., Hultsch, D.F., & Dixon, R.A. (2006). Lifestyle activities and late-life changes in cognitive performance. In Y. Stern (Ed.), Cognitive reserve (pp. 173–186). New York, NY: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203783047
  • Wahlin, Å., MacDonald, S.W.S., de Frias, C.M., Nilsson, L.-G., & Dixon, R.A. (2006). How do health and biological age influence chronological age and sex differences in cognitive aging: Moderating, mediating, or both? Psychology and Aging, 21, 318–332. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.2.318
2005–2003
  • Cohen, A.-L., Dixon, R.A., & Lindsay, D.S. (2005). The intention interference effect and aging: Similar magnitude of effects for young and old adults. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19, 1177–1197. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1154
  • de Frias, C.M, & Dixon, R.A. (2005). Confirmatory factor structure and measurement invariance of the Memory Compensation Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 17, 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.17.2.168
  • Hertzog, C., & Dixon, R.A. (2005). Metacognition in midlife. In S.L. Willis & M. Marting (Eds.), Middle adulthood: A lifespan perspective (pp. 355–379). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452225999.n11
  • Dixon, R.A., Bäckman, L., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2004). New frontiers in cognitive aging. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525691.001.0001
  • Dixon, R.A., & de Frias, C.M. (2004). The Victoria Longitudinal Study: From characterizing cognitive aging to illustrating changes in memory compensation. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 11, 346–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825580490511161
  • Dixon, R.A., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2004). Don’t fence us in: Probing the frontiers of cognitive aging. In R.A. Dixon, L. Bäckman, & L.-G. Nilsson (Eds), New frontiers in cognitive aging (pp. 3–15). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525691.003.0001.
  • Dixon, R.A., Wahlin, Å., Maitland, S.B., Hultsch, D.F., Hertzog, C., & Bäckman, L. (2004). Episodic memory change in late adulthood: Generalizability across samples and performance indices. Memory & Cognition, 32, 768–778. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195867
  • MacDonald, S.W.S., Dixon, R.A., Cohen, A.-L., & Hazlitt, J.E. (2004). Biological age and 12-year cognitive change in older adults: Findings from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Gerontology, 50, 64–81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000075557
  • Cohen, A.-L., Dixon, R.A., Lindsay, D.S., & Masson, M.E.J. (2003). The effect of perceptual distinctiveness on the prospective and retrospective components of prospective memory in young and old adults. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57, 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087431
  • de Frias, C.M., Dixon, R.A., & Bäckman, L. (2003). Older adults' use of memory compensation strategies is related to psychosocial and health indicators. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 58, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.1.P12
  • Dixon, R.A. (2003). Themes in the aging of intelligence: Robust decline with intriguing possibilities. In R.J. Sternberg, J. Lautrey, & T. Lubart (Eds.), Models of intelligence (pp. 151–167). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Dixon, R.A., & Cohen, A.-L. (2003). Cognitive development in adulthood. In R.M. Lerner, M.A. Easterbrooks, & J. Mistry (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychology, Vol. 6: Developmental psychology (pp. 443–461). New York: John Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264385.wei0618
  • Dixon, R.A., Hopp, G.A., Cohen, A.-L., de Frias, C.M., & Bäckman, L. (2003). Self-reported memory compensation: Similar patterns in Alzheimer's disease and very old adult samples. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 382–390. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.25.3.382.13801
  • Hertzog, C., Dixon, R.A., Hultsch, D.F., & MacDonald, S.W.S. (2003). Latent change models of adult cognition: Are changes in processing speed and working memory associated with changes in episodic memory? Psychology and Aging, 18, 755–770. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.755
  • MacDonald, S.W.S., Hultsch, D.F., & Dixon, R.A. (2003). Age-related slowing of digit symbol substitution revisited: What do longitudinal age changes reflect? Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 58, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.3.P187
  • MacDonald, S.W.S., Hultsch, D.F., & Dixon, R.A. (2003). Performance variability is related to change in cognition: Evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Psychology and Aging, 18, 510–523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.18.3.510
  • Nyberg, L., Maitland, S.B., Rönnlund, M., Bäckman, L., Dixon, R.A., Wahlin, Å., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2003). Selective adult age differences in an age-invariant multi-factor model of declarative memory. Psychology and Aging, 18, 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.18.1.149
  • Small, B.J., Hertzog, C., Hultsch, D.F., & Dixon, R.A. (2003). Stability and change in adult personality over 6 years: Findings from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 58B, 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.3.P166
  • Wahlin, Å., Maitland, S.B., Bäckman, L., & Dixon, R.A. (2003). Interrelations between subjective health and episodic memory change in Swedish and Canadian samples of older adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 57, 21–36. https://doi.org/10.2190/9VAA-KMYV-U2HU-PVAW
2002–2000
  • Hultsch, D.F., MacDonald, S.W.S., & Dixon, R.A. (2002). Variability in reaction time performance of younger and older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 57, P101–115. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.2.p101
  • Hultsch, D.F., MacDonald, S.W.S., Hunter, M.A., Maitland, S.B., & Dixon, R.A. (2002). Sampling and generalizability in psychological research on aging: Comparison of a random sample and samples of convenience. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250143000247
  • Dixon, R.A., de Frias, C.M., & Bäckman, L. (2001). Characteristics of self-reported memory compensation in late life. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23, 650–661. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.23.5.650.1242
  • Dixon, R.A., de Frias, C.M., & Maitland, S.B. (2001). Memory in midlife. In M.E. Lachman (Ed.), Handbook of midlife development (pp. 248–278). New York: John Wiley.
  • Maitland, S.B., Dixon, R.A., Hultsch, D.F., & Hertzog, C. (2001). Well-being as a moving target: Measurement equivalence of the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 56B, P69–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.2.P69
  • Dixon, R.A. (2000). Concepts and mechanisms of gains in cognitive aging. In D. Park & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Cognitive aging: A primer (pp. 23–41). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203727027-8
  • Dixon, R.A. (2000). Memory and aging. In A.E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 5; pp. 172–175). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-12703-082
1990s & Earlier
  • Dixon, R.A., & Hultsch, D.F. (1999). Intelligence and cognitive potential in late life. In J.C. Cavanaugh & S.K. Whitbourne (Eds.), Gerontology: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 213–237). New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195115468.003.0008
  • Hertzog, C., Hultsch, D.F., & Dixon, R.A. (1999). On the problem of detecting effects of lifestyle on cognitive change in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 14, 528–534. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.14.3.528
  • Hultsch, D.F., Hertzog, C., Small, B.J., & Dixon, R.A. (1999). Use it or lose it: Engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging? Psychology and Aging, 14, 245–263. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.14.2.245
  • Small, B.J., Dixon, R.A., Hultsch, D.F., & Hertzog, C. (1999). Longitudinal changes in quantitative and qualitative indicators of word and story recall in young-old and old-old adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 54B, P107–115. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/54b.2.p107
  • Dixon, R.A., & Hertzog, C. (1996). Theoretical issues in cognitive aging. In F. Blanchard-Fields & T.M. Hess (Eds.), Perspectives on cognitive change in adulthood and aging (pp. 25–65). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hertzog, C., & Dixon, R.A. (1996). Methodological issues in research on cognition and aging. In F. Blanchard-Fields & T.M. Hess (Eds.), Perspectives on cognitive change in adulthood and aging (pp. 66–121). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Friesen, I.C., & Dixon, R.A. (1994). Mental disorders in aging. In S.L. Macey (Ed.), Encyclopedia of time. New York, NY: Garland.
  • Hertzog, C., & Dixon, R.A. (1994). Metacognitive development in adulthood and old age. In J. Metcalfe & A.P. Shimamura (Eds.), Metacognition: Knowing about knowing (pp. 227–251). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/4561.003.0013
  • Hertzog, C., Saylor, L.L., Fleece, A.M., & Dixon, R.A. (1994). Metamemory and aging: Relations between predicted, actual, and perceived memory task performance. Aging and Cognition, 1, 203–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825589408256577
  • Dixon, R.A., Hertzog, C., Friesen, I.C., & Hultsch, D.F. (1993). Assessment of intraindividual change in text recall of elderly adults. In H.H. Brownell & Y. Joanette (Eds.), Narrative discourse in neurologically impaired and normal aging adults (pp. 77–101). San Diego: Singular.
  • Hertzog, C., Dixon, R.A., & Hultsch, D.F. (1992). Intraindividual change in text recall of the elderly. Brain and Language, 42, 248–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-934X(92)90100-S
  • Hultsch, D.F., Hertzog, C., Small, B.J., McDonald-Miszczak, L., & Dixon, R.A. (1992). Short-term longitudinal change in cognitive performance in later life. Psychology and Aging, 7, 571–584. https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.7.4.571
  • Dixon, R.A. (1991). Aging and collaboration with others can improve cognition in older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 17, 94–95.
  • Hertzog, C., Dixon, R.A., & Hultsch, D.F. (1990). Relationships between metamemory, memory predictions, and memory task performance in adults. Psychology and Aging, 5, 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.5.2.215
  • Hertzog, C., van Alstine, J., Usala, P.D., Hultsch, D.F., & Dixon, R.A. (1990). Measurement properties of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in older populations. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2, 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.2.1.64
  • Hultsch, D.F., & Dixon, R.A. (1990). Learning and memory in aging. In J.E. Birren & K.W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed; pp. 258–274). San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-101280-9.50021-8
  • Hultsch, D.F., Hertzog, C., & Dixon, R.A. (1990). Ability correlates of memory performance in adulthood and aging. Psychology and Aging, 5, 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.5.3.356
  • Dixon, R.A. (1989). Questionnaire research on metamemory and aging: Issues of structure and function. In L.W. Poon, D.C. Rubin, & B.A. Wilson (Eds.), Everyday cognition in adulthood and late life (pp. 394–415). New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511759390.023
  • Hertzog, C., Hultsch, D.F., & Dixon, R.A. (1989). Evidence for the convergent validity of two self-report metamemory questionnaires. Developmental Psychology, 25, 687–700. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.5.687
  • Dixon, R.A., Hultsch, D.F., & Hertzog, C. (1988). The Metamemory in Adulthood questionnaire. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 671–688. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3249770/
Intellectual Property

Dixon, R.A., Hertzog, C., & Hultsch, D.F. (2026). Metamemory in Adulthood (MIA) questionnaire. Technical Report (pp. 1–30). Edmonton, Canada: University of Alberta, Department of Psychology.

Dixon, R.A., & Bäckman, L. (2026). Memory Compensation Questionnaire (MCQ). Technical Report (pp. 1–16). Edmonton, Canada: University of Alberta, Department of Psychology.

Dixon, R.A., Hultsch, D.F., & Hertzog, C. (2026). Story recall: Measuring complex episodic memory in aging. Technical Report (pp. 1–58). Edmonton, Canada: University of Alberta, Department of Psychology.

Hultsch, D.F., Hertzog, C., & Dixon, R.A. (2026). VLS Personal Data Sheet (PDS). Technical Report (pp. 1–35). Edmonton, Canada: University of Alberta, Department of Psychology.

Hultsch, D.F., Hertzog, C., & Dixon, R.A. (2026). VLS Activity Lifestyle Questionnaire (VLS-ALQ). Technical Report (pp. 1–23). Edmonton, Canada: University of Alberta, Department of Psychology.

Hertzog, C., Hultsch, D.F., & Dixon, R.A. (2026). VLS memory exercises: Word lists. Technical Report (pp. 1–14). Edmonton, Canada: University of Alberta, Department of Psychology.

Selected Legacy Research Projects and Interests

Much research in the VLS is conducted with teams of collaborators. The teams include students (undergraduate, graduate), post-doctoral associates, and researchers from Canada and other countries. Some topics of current interest are listed below. For information about VLS research and any of these projects, please contact the VLS office (vlslab@ualberta.ca).

Longitudinal and Epidemiological Studies in Aging
  • Application of AI and Data-driven Dynamic Computational Models to Longitudinal Data
  • Multi-omics (Metabolomics, Lipidomics, Genomics) in Longitudinal Aging
  • Characteristics and Predictors of Resilient and Exceptional Cognitive Aging
  • Trajectories and Modifiers of Sustained Cognitively Unimpaired Aging
  • Precursors and Early Markers of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
  • Protective Factors (e.g., Lifestyle Activities) in CU Aging, MCI, and Alzheimer's Disease
  • Risk Factors (e.g., Genetic, Biomarkers) in CU Aging, MCI, and Alzheimer's Disease
  • Structure, Latent Change, Individualized Trajectories in Memory, Speed, Executive Function
  • Practice and Attrition Effects in Longitudinal Models
  • Dynamic and Latent Change Models in Brain and Cognitive Aging
Cognitive Neuroscience/Neuropsychology and Aging
  • Neurocognitive Speed and Inconsistency in MCI, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's Disease
  • Memory Compensation in Healthy Aging, MCI, and Alzheimer's Disease
  • Structure and Change of Neuropsychological Indicators in Special Populations
  • Detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment and Preclinical Transitions
  • Identifying Early Biological (Metabolites, Genetic) Markers of Neurogenerative Disease
  • Mild Stroke, Memory, and Cognition
  • Longitudinal Studies of Executive Functions in Aging Populations
  • Affect, Emotion, and Neurocognitive Aging
Biological and Health Factors
  • Type 2 Diabetes and Cognitive Neuropsychological Aging
  • Genetic and Epigenetic Correlates of Cognitive Aging, MCI, and Alzheimer's Disease
  • Measuring and Assessing Role of "Biological Age" in Cognitive Aging
  • Characteristics and Predictors of Mortality and Terminal Decline
  • Sensory Status (Vision, Audition, Smell) and Cognitive Aging
  • Subjective/Objective/Functional Health and Cognitive Change
Psychosocial, Lifestyle, and Environmental Aspects
  • Emotion-Cognition Relationships in Aging
  • Lifestyle Influences (Cognitive Activities, Social Engagement, Physical Activities)
  • Personality Structure, Change, and Cognitive Correlates
  • Depression in Normal Aging, MCI, and Alzheimer's Disease
  • Well-being: Structural and Longitudinal Studies
  • Dynamic Interactions Among Lifestyle, Health, Cognition