References

Haskins, W., and D. Mayhood. 1997. Stream crossing density as a predictor of watershed impacts. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual ESRI User Conference Paper 457.

Jackson, S.D. 2003. Ecological considerations in the design of river and stream crossings. Pages 20-29 in: C.L. Irwin, P. Garrett, and K.P. McDermott. Editors. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation.Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.

Jungwirth M., S. Muhar, and S. Schmutz. 2000. Fundamentals of fish ecological integrity and their relationship to the extended serial discontinuity concept. Hydrobiologia 422: 85-97.

McCleary, R., C. Spytz, H. Schindler, and R. Anderson. 2006. Stream crossing inspection manual. Version 1. C.R. Bamsey, ed. Clear Lake Ltd. Edmonton, AB.

Park, D., M. Sullivan, E. Bayne, G. Scrimgeour. 2008. Landscape-level stream fragmentation caused by hanging culverts along roads in Alberta’s forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38: 566-575.

Poplar-Jeffers. I.O. 2005. Culvert Inventory and Effects on Fish Assemblages in a Central Appalachian Watershed. West Virginia University. Master's Thesis. Morgantown, West Virginia.

Sylte, T.L. 2002. Providing for stream function and aquatic organism passage: and interdisciplinary design. Stream Notes January 2002: 4 p. 

Warren, Jr., M.L., and M.G. Pardew. 1998. Road crossings as barriers to small stream fish movement. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127: 637-644.

Wofford, J.E.B., R.E. Gresswell, and M.A. Banks. 2005. Influence of barriers to movement on within-watershed genetic variation of coastal cutthroat trout. Ecological Adaptations 15(2): 628-637.

Anova Assumptions

Fig. 9. Normality plots of stream fish catch rates for bridge crossing structures, culverts without a hang height (CO), and culverts with a hang height (C>0).