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@article{Atkins2005,
author = {M. J. Atkins and C. R. Koch},
title = {The Effect of Fuel Octane and Diluent on {HCCI} Combustion},
journal = {Proc. IMechE, Part D},
year = {2005},
volume = {219},
pages = {665 - 675},
abstract = {This paper presents some experimental operating and combustion properties
of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion. HCCI
operating range, start of combustion, burn duration, indicated mean
effective pressure, indicated specific emissions and indicated specific
fuel consumption are evaluated as charge dilution and octane number
are varied. Primary reference fuels with octane numbers of 20, 40
and 60 are used in this study. The auto-ignition properties of the
air/fuel mixture are varied by changing the fuel octane number, the
percent EGR and air/fuel ratio, while holding the intake temperature,
engine speed and compression ratio constant. Results show that both
the start of combustion and burn duration are sensitive to mixture
dilution (excess air or EGR). However, only the start of combustion
is affected by the fuel octane number. The fuel octane number is
not an effective method of controlling the start of combustion or
the burn duration, but can be used to increase the load range of
the HCCI engine. Both the NOx emissions and indicated specific fuel
consumption increases as the octane number is increased due to lower
dilution and higher peak temperatures. Correct amounts of dilution
are critical to control HCCI combustion. Separating dilution into
EGR and excess air, it is found that a given amount of EGR is more
effective at controlling the start of combustion and the burn duration,
than the same amount of excess air.},
groups = {Journal},
keywords = {Homogenous Charged Compression Ignition, HCCI, Fuel Octane, Charge Dilution, Lean Burn, EGR},
owner = {ckoch}
}
@article{Atta2011,
author = {Atta, Arnab and Crawford, David G. and Koch, Charles R. and Bhattacharjee, Subir},
title = {Influence of Electrostatic and Chemical Heterogeneity on the Electric-Field-Induced Destabilization of Thin Liquid Films},
doi = {10.1021/la202759j},
number = {20},
pages = {12472-12485},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Atta2011.pdf},
volume = {27},
abstract = {A numerical model for thin liquid film (<100 nm) drainage in presence
of an external electric field is developed. Long-wave theory is applied
to approximate and simplify the governing equations. A spatiotemporal
film morphology evolution equation thus obtained is then solved using
a combination of finite difference to resolve the spatial dimensions
and an adaptive time step ODE solver for the temporal propagation.
The effect of fluid properties, namely viscosity and surface tension,
on the film drainage time is observed for homogeneous electric field,
which leads to random dewetting spots. Electrically heterogeneous
fields, achieved by modeling electrodes with various periodic patterns,
are explored to identify its effect on the drainage time and behavior.
Finally, chemical heterogeneity of the substrate is coupled with
the periodic electric heterogeneity to understand the implication
of combined heterogeneity. It is observed that introduction of any
heterogeneity results in faster drainage of the film when compared
with the homogeneous field. In all cases, the thin film is drained
leaving submicron scale structures at the interface. Well-controlled
surface patterns are found on the application of periodic heterogeneity.
This study effectively demonstrates the immense potential of electrically
induced thin film drainage as a means for faster de-emulsification
and for the creation of ordered submicron scale surface patterns
on soft materials.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Langmuir},
timestamp = {2012.01.15},
year = {2011}
}
@article{babazadeh_piv_2011,
author = {H. Babazadeh and C. R. Koch and D. S. Nobes},
title = {Investigation of micro-jet active control of a precessing Jet using {PIV}},
doi = {10.1007/s00348-011-1193-0},
issn = {0723-4864},
issue = {6},
pages = {1709-1719},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/babazadeh_piv_2011.pdf},
volume = {51},
abstract = {A circular jet entering an open-ended concentric circular chamber
can rotate or precess about the jet axis for certain flow conditions
and chamber configurations. Active flow control of a precessing jet
provides the ability to influence the flow field inside the chamber
and the resulting flow after the chamber exit. Twelve micro-jets
surrounding the jet at the chamber inlet are used as actuation. At
the chamber exit, four pressure probes and three-component velocity
measurement using stereo particle image velocimetry (stereo-PIV)
is used to monitor the flow. A phase plane method using signals from
the pressure sensors is developed to monitor the location of the
jet high-velocity region in real-time. Phase-locked stereo-PIV, triggered
by the micro-jet actuation signal, is used to investigate the flow
field and validate the pressure phase plane results. The effectiveness
of the micro-jet actuation and the validation of the pressure phase
plane measurements demonstrate actuation and the sensing needed for
future closed-loop control of the precessing jet.},
affiliation = {Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Experiments in Fluids},
keyword = {Physics and Astronomy},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
timestamp = {2011.11.17},
year = {2011}
}
@article{babazadeh_ctrl_2015,
author = {Babazadeh, Hamed and Nobes, David S. and Koch, Charles Robert},
title = {Active and passive flow control on a precessing jet},
doi = {10.1007/s00348-014-1873-7},
eid = {10},
issn = {0723-4864},
language = {English},
number = {1},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/babazadeh_ctrl_2015.pdf},
volume = {56},
abstract = {A precessing jet nozzle with water as the working fluid is investigated
under passive and active flow control. Passive control is applied
by modifying the geometry of the precessing jet either by adding
a center body near the chamber exit or varying the chamber length.
Active control of the flow is achieved using twelve micro-jets around
the nozzle inlet. The flow behavior under control is studied using
pressure measurement at the chamber exit plane to monitor jet precession.
The pressure data was analyzed using a phase plane representation
which determines the motion of the jets high velocity region in the
chamber exit plane. The standard deviation of the phase of the triggered
pressure data is used for stability analysis. This analysis results
in a phase diagram in terms of Reynolds number and actuation frequency.
Active control can be utilized over a range of actuation Strouhal
numbers to control precession direction and stability which can be
further enhanced with passive control mechanisms. However, the flow
follows the actuation with lowest variation when the active actuation
matches with the natural Strouhal number (0.002 < St < 0.006) of
the nozzle-jet flow.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Experiments in Fluids},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
timestamp = {2015.01.14},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Bidarvatan201479,
author = {M. Bidarvatan and M. Shahbakhti and S.A. Jazayeri and C.R. Koch},
title = {Cycle-to-cycle modeling and sliding mode control of blended-fuel {HCCI} engine},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2013.11.008},
issn = {0967-0661},
number = {0},
pages = {79 - 91},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Bidarvatan201479.pdf},
volume = {24},
abstract = {Fast and robust control of combustion phasing is an important challenge
for real-time model-based control of Homogenous Charge Compression
Ignition (HCCI). In this paper a new discrete Control Oriented Model
(COM) for predicting \{HCCI\} combustion phasing on a cycle-to-cycle
basis is outlined and validated against experimental data from a
single cylinder Ricardo engine. The \{COM\} has sufficient accuracy
for real-time \{HCCI\} control and can be implemented in real-time.
A Discrete Sliding Mode Controller (DSMC) coupled with a Kalman filter
is designed to control combustion phasing by adjusting the ratio
of two Primary Reference Fuels (PRFs). The results indicate the \{DSMC\}
maintains the stability of the engine operation in a wide range of
loads and speeds. The \{DSMC\} is compared with an empirical Proportional
Integral (PI) controller. The results show the \{SMC\} outperforms
a \{PI\} controller particularly in rejecting disturbances while
maintaining \{HCCI\} combustion phasing in its desired range.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Control Engineering Practice},
keywords = {HCCI},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2014.01.21},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Chladny2008b,
author = {R. R. Chladny and C. R. Koch},
title = {Flatness-Based Tracking of an Electromechanical Variable Valve Timing Actuator with Disturbance Observer Feed-Forward Compensation},
doi = {10.1109/TCST.2007.912121},
pages = {652-663},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Chladny2008b.pdf},
volume = {16},
abstract = {A comprehensive control strategy for an automotive solenoid variable
valve timing actuator is presented that addresses the issues of feedback
sensors, soft seating or landing control, disturbance rejection and
feedforward design. In particular, the motion control of the engine
exhaust valve actuator subject to large cycle-to-cycle gas force
variations is successfully demonstrated in simulation and on an experimental
testbench. Also provided is a method of characterization and online
cycle-to-cycle identification of combustion gas force disturbances.
The identified gas forces are used in energy-based feedforward and
flatness-based landing algorithms. Simulated and experimental results
indicate the proposed control methodology is capable of compensating
for the combustion gas force disturbances experienced by exhaust
valve solenoid actuators.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology},
keywords = {engines, solenoids, nonlinear control, modeling, observers},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2007.01.12},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Chladny_TMAG_2005,
author = {R. R. Chladny and C. R. Koch and A. F. Lynch},
title = {Modeling of Automotive Gas-Exchange Solenoid Valve Actuators},
doi = {10.1109/TMAG.2004.841701},
pages = {1155-1162},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Chladny_TMAG_2005.pdf},
volume = {Volume 41, Issue 3},
abstract = {A promising method for enhancing automotive engine efficiency uses
solenoids to directly control the gas exchange valves of an internal
combustion engine. A FEA (Finite Element Analysis) model is developed
to describe transient and static operation of the valve. The FEA
model is validated by experimental testing on an actual automotive
prototype valve. We show that a nonlinear lumped parameter model
which uses FEA results also closely matches experimental data. The
lumped parameter model is amenable to optimization of design and
can be readily used for closed-loop simulation. A simplified lumped
parameter model is presented to facilitate controller design. Finally,
a dynamic open-loop simulation is compared with experimental results.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Magnetics},
owner = {ckoch},
year = {2005}
}
@article{chung_2007_CST_sub,
author = {S. K. Chung and C. R. Koch and A. F. Lynch},
title = {Flatness-based feedback control of an automotive solenoid valve control},
doi = {10.1109/TCST.2006.886440},
pages = {394 - 401},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/chung_2007_CST_sub.pdf},
volume = {2},
abstract = {This paper considers the control of solenoid valve actuators used
for gas exchange in internal combustion engines. Although solenoid
valves offer performance benefits over traditional camshaft-based
valve systems, maintaining low impact velocity is a critical performance
requirement. Flatness provides a convenient framework for meeting
a number of performance specifications on the valve's end motion.
The proposed control design incorporates voltage constraints, nonlinear
magnetic effects, and various motion planning requirements. A flat
output acts as a design parameter and is parameterized with a spline
basis. A nonlinear feasibility problem is solved to obtain optimal
spline coefficients such that performance requirements are met. The
resulting flat output provides an open-loop control which is augmented
with feedback so that a linear stable tracking error system results.
The proposed control scheme is demonstrated in simulation and on
an experimental testbed. The performance of a Proportional-Integral
controller is compared experimentally to the flatness-based method.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {{IEEE Transactions on Control System Technology}},
month = {March},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Crawford2008,
author = {D. G. Crawford and C. R. Koch and S. Bhattacharjee},
title = {Characteristic Times for Pressure and Electrostatic Force Driven Thin Film Drainage},
doi = {10.1166/jctn.2008.1014},
issn = {1546-1955},
number = {10},
pages = {2060-2066},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Crawford2008.pdf},
volume = {5},
abstract = {The drainage of thin liquid films confined between two electrodes
was studied employing the long wave approximation of the pertinent
hydrodynamic equations. A general mathematical formulation was used
for the case of electric field driven drainage of the film by solving
the Laplace equation in conjunction with the approximate flow equations.
The drainage of small periodic segments of the film was then studied
employing the model under conditions that emulate purely pressure
based drainage, as well as drainage in presence of an applied electric
field. The final film morphologies and the drainage times in presence
of electric fields were found to be considerably different from those
observed for pressure based drainage.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience},
month = {October},
unique-id = {ISI:000261211300014},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Firoozabadi2013,
author = {M. Dehghani Firoozabadi and M. Shahbakhti and C.R. Koch and S.A. Jazayeri},
title = {Thermodynamic control-oriented modeling of cycle-to-cycle exhaust gas temperature in an {HCCI} engine},
doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.04.055},
issn = {0306-2619},
number = {0},
pages = {236 - 243},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Firoozabadi2013.pdf},
volume = {110},
abstract = {Model-based control of Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI)
engine exhaust temperature is a viable solution to optimize efficiency
of both engine and the exhaust aftertreatment system. Low exhaust
temperature in \{HCCI\} engines can limit the abatement of hydrocarbon
(HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in an exhaust aftertreatment
system. A physical empirical model is described for control of exhaust
temperature in \{HCCI\} engines. This model captures cycle-to-cycle
dynamics affecting exhaust temperature and is based on thermodynamic
relations and semi-empirical correlations. It incorporates intake
and exhaust gas flow dynamics, residual gas mixing, and fuel burn
rate and is validated with experimental data from a single cylinder
engine at over 300 steady state and transient conditions. The validation
results indicate a good agreement between predicted and measured
exhaust gas temperature.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {k0265 # { > HCCI},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2013.05.02},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Ghazi_a_ener_2011,
author = {A. Ghazimirsaied and C. R. Koch},
title = {Controlling cyclic combustion timing variations using a symbol-statistics predictive approach in an {HCCI} engine},
doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.09.018},
issn = {0306-2619},
number = {0},
pages = {133 - 146},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Ghazi_a_ener_2011.pdf},
volume = {92},
abstract = {Cyclic variation of a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI)
engine near misfire is analyzed using chaotic theory methods and
feedback control is used to stabilize high cyclic variations. Variation
of consecutive cycles of sigma Pmax (the crank angle of maximum cylinder
pressure over an engine cycle) for a Primary Reference Fuel engine
is analyzed near misfire operation for five test points with similar
conditions but different octane numbers. The return map of the time
series of Pmax at each combustion cycle reveals the deterministic
and random portions of the dynamics near misfire for this HCCI engine.
A symbol-statistic approach is used to predict sigma Pmax one cycle-ahead.
Predicted Sigma Pmax has similar dynamical behavior to the experimental
measurements. Based on this cycle ahead prediction, and using fuel
octane as the input, feedback control is used to stabilize the instability
of sigma Pmax variations at this engine condition near misfire.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {HCCI},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2011.11.30},
year = {2012}
}
@article{ghazimirsaied:082805,
author = {A. Ghazimirsaied and M. Shahbakhti and C. R. Koch},
title = {{HCCI} Engine Combustion Phasing Prediction Using a Symbolic-Statistics Approach},
doi = {10.1115/1.4000297},
eid = {082805},
number = {8},
pages = {082805},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/ghazimirsaied082805.pdf},
volume = {132},
abstract = {Temporal dynamics of cyclic variation in a homogeneous charge compression
ignition (HCCI) engine near misfire is analyzed using chaotic theory
methods. The analysis of variation in consecutive cycles of CA50
(crank angle of 50% mass fraction fuel burnt) for an n-heptane fueled
engine is performed for a test point near the misfire condition.
The return map of the time series of CA50 cycle values reveals the
deterministic and random portions of dynamics near misfire occurring
in an HCCI engine. A symbol-statistic approach is also used to find
the occurrence of possible probabilities of the data points under
the same operating conditions. These techniques are then used to
predict CA50 one cycle ahead. Simulated data points in phase space
have similar dynamical structure to the experimental measurements.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power},
keywords = {cracks; engines; ignition; time series},
numpages = {5},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {ASME},
timestamp = {2010.05.27},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Graves_JAS_2017,
author = {Brian Mackenzie Graves and Charles Robert Koch and Jason Scott Olfert},
title = {Morphology and volatility of particulate matter emitted from a gasoline direct injection engine fuelled on gasoline and ethanol blends},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.10.013},
issn = {0021-8502},
pages = {166 - 178},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Graves_JAS_2017.pdf},
volume = {105},
abstract = {Abstract The particulate matter emitted from a turbocharged, four
cylinder, wall-guided, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine fuelled
with gasoline and ethanol blends was investigated, and characterized
by size distribution, mass-mobility exponent, effective density,
and volatility using tandem measurements from differential mobility
analysers (DMA) and a centrifugal particle mass analyser (CPMA).
Three engine loads were tested at 2250 \{RPM\} (4%, 13%, and 26%
of maximum load) in addition to an idle condition while the engine
was fuelled using gasoline mixed with ethanol fractions of 0% (E0),
10% (E10), and 50% (E50) by volume. An increase in engine load increased
particle number concentration, although idle produced approximately
as many particles as at 13% load. In the majority of cases, an increase
in ethanol fraction decreased number concentration. The fraction
of the number of particles comprised of only volatile material to
total number of particles (number volatile fraction) both overall
and as a function of particle mobility-equivalent diameter was under
10 percent at all engine conditions and fuels (measured after a three-way
catalytic converter). The size-segregated ratio of the mass of internally
mixed volatile material to total particle mass was similarly low.
Volatility measurements were conducted using a thermodenuder set
to 300C. Mass-mobility exponent was seen to range between 2.28
and 2.60. Effective density increased with load, and in general mass-mobility
exponent increased as well. Effective density decreased with an increase
in ethanol fraction and a slight decrease in mass-mobility exponent
was also observed for all conditions except idle. No significant
changes in effective density, particle size, or number concentration
were observed in \{GDI\} soot after denuding particle samples.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Journal of Aerosol Science},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2017.01.09},
year = {2017}
}
@article{KhalighJAHS2016,
author = {Sepehr P Khaligh and Farbod Fahimi and Charles Robert Koch},
title = {A System Identification Strategy for Nonlinear Model of Small-Scale Unmanned Helicopters},
journal = {Journal of the American Helicopter Society},
year = {2016},
language = {English},
volume = {61},
pages = {1-13},
issn = {00028711},
abstract = {A system identification strategy to identify the parameters of a small-scale
unmanned helicopter's nonlinear physics-based model suitable for
nonlinear control design applications is described. A time-domain
technique, which allows for the identification of a nonlinear model
of the helicopter without linearizing the model, is used. A combination
of ground and flight-test data is used to parameterize the model.
The ground test data are used to identify the physical parameters
of the main and tail rotors such as the lift and drag coefficients
using an aerodynamic force measurement test bed. The unknown parameters
of the rotor dynamics and empennage drag are identified using flight-test
data and applying a nonlinear leastsquares method. A 10-degree-of-freedom
nonlinear physics-based model including rotor and stabilizer bar
dynamics is developed and validated using flight-test data. The results
indicate that the overall response of the identified nonlinear model
of the helicopter matches the real flight data.},
groups = {Journal},
keywords = {Unmanned helicopter},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {AHS International},
timestamp = {2016.08.24}
}
@article{JMBD2015,
author = {Sepehr P Khaligh and Farbod Fahimi and Charles Robert Koch},
title = {A Fast Inverse Kinematic Solution for the Nonlinear Actuating Mechanisms of a Small-Scale Helicopter},
doi = {DOI 10.1007/s11044-015-9452-0},
language = {English},
note = {Journal of Multibody System Dynamics},
pages = {257-275},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/JMBD2015.pdf},
volume = {35},
abstract = {An inverse kinematic solution for the main rotor actuating mechanism
of a small-scale helicopter that includes a 4-point swashplate system
and a Bell-Hiller mixer and the tail rotor actuating mechanism are
derived using an approach that is suitable for real-time control
applications. A closed-form solution is obtained for the inverse
kinematics of the swashplate mechanism and for the forward and inverse
kinematics of the tail rotor. Then, a computationally efficient solution
is obtained for the inverse kinematics of the Bell-Hiller mixer by
converting the nonlinear kinematic equations into a generalized eigenvalue
problem. The nonlinear kinematic model is compared to a linear approximation
and is validated using experiments.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Multibody System Dynamics},
keywords = {Actuating mechanisms, Inverse kinematics, Small-scale helicopters, Swashplate mechanism, Bell-Hiller mixer, Tail rotor mechanism},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
timestamp = {2015.10.25},
year = {2015}
}
@article{JINT2014,
author = {Sepehr P Khaligh and Alejandro Martinez and Farbod Fahimi and Charles Robert Koch},
title = {A {HIL} Testbed for Initial Controller Gain Tuning of a Small Unmanned Helicopter},
doi = {10.1007/s10846-013-9973-9},
issn = {0921-0296},
language = {English},
number = {1-4},
pages = {289-308},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/JINT2014.pdf},
volume = {73},
abstract = {A Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) testbed design for small unmanned helicopters
which provides a safe and low-cost platform to implement control
algorithms and tune the control gains in a controlled environment
is described. Specifically, it allows for testing the robustness
of the controller to external disturbances by emulating the hover
condition. A 6-DOF nonlinear mathematical model of the helicopter
has been validated in real flight tests. This model is implemented
in real-time to estimate the states of the helicopter which are then
used to determine the actual control signals on the testbed. Experiments
of the longitudinal, lateral and heading control tests are performed.
To minimize the structural stress on the fuselage in case of controller
failure or a subsystem malfunction, a damping system with a negligible
parasitic effect on the dynamics of the helicopter around hover is
incorporated. The HIL testbed is capable of testing the helicopter
in hover, as well as on any smooth trajectories such as cruise flight,
figure-8, etc. Experimentally tuning the controller on the HIL testbed
is described and results in a controller which is robust to the external
disturbances, and achieves an accuracy of approx 2.5 cm in the position
control on the longitudinal and lateral trajectory tracking, and
approx 5 deg accuracy around the yaw axis on the heading trajectory tracking.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems},
keywords = {Unmanned helicopter; Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) testbed; Control gain tuning; External disturbances},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
timestamp = {2014.01.21},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Kirchen,
author = {P. N. Kirchen and M. Shahbahkti and C. R. Koch},
title = {A Skeletal Kinetic Mechanism for PRF Combustion in {HCCI} Engines.},
pages = {1059-1083},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Kirchen.pdf},
volume = {179},
abstract = {A single zone thermodynamic model, coupled to a kinetic mechanism,
is developed and is capable of predicting the ignition timing of
Primary Reference Fuels (PRFs) in a Homogeneous Charge Compression
Ignition (HCCI) engine. A new combination of kinetic mechanisms is
used, which includes 120 reactions and 58 species for both ignition
and high temperature reactions. The model is validated using a step
by step methodology. The validation compares ignition delays predicted
by the model with published measurements from a rapid compression
machine, shock tube as well as the cylinder pressure histories taken
from two different experimental HCCI engines for various operating
conditions. The model is able to qualitatively predict the effect
of different parameters such as gas temperature, gas pressure, equivalence
ratio and octane number on the HCCI ignition delay.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Combustion Science and Technology},
keywords = {HCCI; Ignition; Internal combustion engines; Kinetic modeling; Primary reference fuel},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2009.06.17},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Lynch2003a,
author = {A. F. Lynch and C. R. Koch and R. R. Chladny},
title = {Nonlinear Observer Design for Sensorless Electromagnetic Actuators},
journal = {Dynamics of Continuous Discrete and Impulsive Systems-Series B- Applications \& Algorithms.},
year = {2003},
volume = {Suppl S},
groups = {Journal},
owner = {ckoch}
}
@article{ASMEJ2008,
author = {M.Shahbakhti and C. R. Koch},
title = {Physics Based Control Oriented Model for {HCCI} Combustion Timing},
doi = {10.1115/1.4000036},
eid = {021010},
number = {2},
pages = {021010},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/ASMEJ2008.pdf},
volume = {132},
abstract = {Incorporating Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) into
combustion engines for better fuel economy and lower emission requires
understanding the dynamics influencing the combustion timing in HCCI
engines. A control oriented model to dynamically predict cycle-to-cycle
combustion timing of an HCCI engine is developed. The model is designed
to work with parameters that are easy to measure and to have low
computation time with sufficient accuracy for control applications.
The model is a full cycle model and consists of a residual gas model,
a modified knock integral model, fuel burn rate model, and thermodynamic
models. In addition, semi-empirical correlations are used to predict
the gas exchange process generated work and completeness of combustion.
The developed model incorporates the thermal coupling dynamics caused
by the residual gases from one cycle to the next cycle. The model
is parameterized by over 5700 simulations from a detailed thermo-kinetic
model and experimental data obtained from a single-cylinder engine.
Cross validation of the model with both steady-state and transient
HCCI experiments for four different Primary Reference Fuel (PRF)
blends is detailed. With seven model inputs, the combustion timing
of over 150 different HCCI points is predicted to within an average
error of less than 1.5 degrees of crank angle. A narrow window of
combustion timing is found to provide stable and efficient HCCI operation.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control},
keywords = {combustion; engines; fuel economy; shafts; thermodynamics},
month = {March},
numpages = {12},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {ASME},
timestamp = {2010.02.05},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Hadi_langmuir_2014,
author = {Nazaripoor, Hadi and Koch, Charles R. and Bhattacharjee, Subir},
title = {Electrical Perturbations of Ultrathin Bilayers: Role of Ionic Conductive Layer},
doi = {10.1021/la503839x},
note = {PMID: 25419880},
number = {49},
pages = {14734-14744},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Hadi_langmuir_2014.pdf},
volume = {30},
abstract = {The effect of electrostatic force on the dynamics, morphological
evolution, and drainage time of ultrathin liquid bilayers (<100 nm)
are investigated for perfect dielectric-perfect dielectric (PD-PD)
and ionic liquid-perfect dielectric (IL-PD) bilayers. The weakly
nonlinear "thin film" equation is solved numerically to obtain spatiotemporal
evolution of the liquid-liquid interface responses to transverse
electric field. In order to predict the electrostatic component of
conjoining/disjoining pressure acting on the interface for IL-PD
bilayers, an analytical model is developed using the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann
equation. It is found that IL-PD bilayers with electric permittivity
ratio of layers (lower to top), epsilon_r, greater than one remain
stable under an applied electric field. An extensive numerical study
is carried out to generate a map based on epsilon_r and the initial
mean thickness of the lower layer. This map is used to predict the
formation of various structures on PD-PD bilayer interface and provides
a baseline for unstable IL-PD bilayers. The use of an ionic liquid
(IL) layer is found to reduce the size of the structures, but results
in polydispersed and disordered pillars spread over the domain. The
numerical predictions follow similar trend of experimental observation
of Lau and Russel. (Lau, C. Y.; Russel, W. B. Fundamental Limitations
on Ordered Electrohydrodynamic Patterning; Macromolecules 2011, 44,
7746-7751).},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Langmuir},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2015.01.23},
year = {2014}
}
@article{c5sm02258d,
author = {Nazaripoor, Hadi and Koch, Charles R. and Sadrzadeh, Mohtada and Bhattacharjee, Subir},
title = {Compact micro/nano electrohydrodynamic patterning: using a thin conductive film and a patterned template},
doi = {10.1039/c5sm02258d},
number = {4},
pages = {1074-1084},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/c5sm02258d.pdf},
volume = {12},
abstract = {The influence of electrostatic heterogeneity on the electric-field-induced
destabilization of thin ionic liquid (IL) films is investigated to
control spatial ordering and to reduce the lateral dimension of structures
forming on the films. Commonly used perfect dielectric (PD) films
are replaced with ionic conductive films to reduce the lateral length
scales to a sub-micron level in the EHD pattering process. The 3-D
spatiotemporal evolution of a thin IL film interface under homogenous
and heterogeneous electric fields is numerically simulated. Finite
differences in the spatial directions using an adaptive time step
ODE solver are used to solve the 2-D nonlinear thin film equation.
The validity of our simulation technique is determined from close
agreement between the simulation results of a PD film and the experimental
results in the literature. Replacing the flat electrode with the
patterned one is found to result in more compact and well-ordered
structures particularly when an electrode with square block protrusions
is used. This is attributed to better control of the characteristic
spatial lengths by applying a heterogeneous electric field by patterned
electrodes. The structure size in PD films is reduced by a factor
of 4 when they are replaced with IL films, which results in nano-sized
features with well-ordered patterns over the domain.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Soft Matter},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry},
timestamp = {2015.11.18},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Nazaripoor2016lang,
author = {Nazaripoor, Hadi and Koch, Charles R. and Sadrzadeh, Mohtada and Bhattacharjee, Subir},
title = {Thermo-Electrohydrodynamic Patterning in Nanofilms},
journal = {Langmuir},
year = {2016},
volume = {32},
number = {23},
month = {June},
pages = {5776-5786},
doi = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01810},
abstract = {To improve the electrically assisted patterning process and create
smaller sized features with the higher active surface area, the combined
thermocapillary-electrohydrodynamic (TC-EHD) instability of liquid
nanofilms is considered. First, the 3-D thin film equation is re-derived
for nonisothermal films and then the influential factors on the dynamics
and stability of thin liquid film are found using linear stability
(LS) analysis. Non-linear studies are also conducted to investigate
the long-time evolution of the interface using an in-house developed
Fortran code employing high order finite difference and adaptive
time step solver for the spatial and time derivatives. The number
density of pillars (columnar raised structure) formed in 1mm2 area
is significantly increased compared to the EHD base-case and nano-sized
pillars are created due to the thermocapillary effects. Relative
interface area increases of up to 18% due to this pattern miniaturization
are realized. It is also found that increase in the thermal conductivity
ratio of layers changes the mechanism of pattern formation resulting
in nonuniform and randomly distributed micro pillars being generated.},
groups = {Journal},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2016.05.29}
}
@article{C4SM02477J,
author = {Nazaripoor, Hadi and Sadrzadeh, Mohtada and Koch, Charles R. and Bhattacharjee, Subir},
title = {Electrohydrodynamic patterning of ultra-thin ionic liquid films},
doi = {10.1039/C4SM02477J},
pages = {2193-2202},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/C4SM02477J.pdf},
volume = {11},
abstract = {In the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) patterning process{,} electrostatic
destabilization of the air-polymer interface results in the micro
and nano-size patterns in the form of raised formations called pillars.
The polymer film in this process is typically assumed to behave like
a perfect dielectric (PD) or leaky dielectric (LD). In this study{,}
an electrostatic model is developed for the patterning of an ionic
liquid (IL) polymer film. The IL model has a finite diffuse electric
layer which overcomes the shortcoming of assuming infinitesimally
large and small electric diffuse layer inherent in the PD and LD
models respectively. The process of pattern formation is then numerically
simulated by solving the weakly nonlinear thin film equation using
finite difference with pseudo staggered discretization and an adaptive
time step. Initially{,} the pillar formation process in IL films
is observed to be the same as PD films. Pillars initially form at
random locations and their cross section increases with time as the
contact line expands on the top electrode. After the initial growth{,}
for the same applied voltage and initial films thickness{,} the number
of pillars on IL films is found to be significantly higher than in
PD films. The total number of pillars formed in 1 [small mu ]m2 area
of the domain in IL film is almost 5 times more than similar PD film
for the conditions simulated. In addition{,} the pillar structure
size in IL films is observed to be more sensitive to initial film
thickness compared to PD films.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Soft Matter},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry},
timestamp = {2015.01.23},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Olfert2007,
author = {J. S. Olfert and M. D. Checkel and C. R. Koch},
title = {Acoustic method for measuring the sound speed of gases over small path lengths},
pages = {1-8},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Olfert2007.pdf},
volume = {78},
abstract = {Acoustic "phase shift" methods have been used in the past to accurately
measure the sound speed of gases. In this work, a phase shift method
for measuring the sound speed of gases over small path lengths is
presented. We have called this method the discrete acoustic wave
and phase detection (DAWPD) method. Experimental results show that
the DAWPD method gives accurate (+-3.2 m/ s) and predictable measurements
that closely match theory. The sources of uncertainty in the DAWPD
method are examined and it is found that ultrasonic reflections and
changes in the frequency ratio of the transducers (the ratio of driving
frequency to resonant frequency) can be major sources of error. Experimentally,
it is shown how these sources of uncertainty can be minimized.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Rev. of Scientific Instruments},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2007.05.17},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Sabbagh_SPT_2015,
author = {R. Sabbagh and C. R. Koch and M. G. Lipsett and D. S. Nobes},
title = {Hydrocyclone equivalent settling area factor at higher concentrations and developing a performance chart},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.02.054},
pages = {171-184},
volume = {182},
abstract = {The equivalent settling area factor allows for comparison amongst different centrifuge separators. For hydrocyclones, the so far developed factor does not consider the effect of concentration of solid particles c in the feed stream, because particle interactions at high concentrations cause hindered settling and reduce hydrocyclone performance. The focus of this paper is a modification of this factor to allow prediction of the influence of higher particle concentration in the feed stream. In particular, the equivalent areafactor is modified at high particle concentration by applying different forms of hindered settling concentration functions and using data obtained from experiment or from existing empirical correlations. This results in a set of modified models that are evaluated using statistical techniques. Through statistical analysis, the function f(c)=c^(0.0488) * exp(-0445c) is selected to modify the equivalent settling area for hydrocyclones. A performance chart is developed for hydrocyclones by undertaking the modified equivalent area model that can be used in hydrocyclone design applications. The developed performance chart is validated and is shown to be capable of predicting the hydrocyclone performance over a wide range of hydrocyclone flow rates and separation cut sizes. This chart is compared with a performance chart available in the literature and the chart in the literature is shown to over-predict the hydrocyclone performance.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Seperation and Purification Technology.},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2017-04-08},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Sabbagh_PowT_2016,
author = {R. Sabbagh and M. G. Lipsett and C. R. Koch and D. S. Nobes},
title = {An experimental investigation on hydrocyclone underflow pumping},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.09.045},
issn = {0032-5910},
pages = {99--108},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Sabbagh_PowT_2016.pdf},
volume = {305},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Powder Technology},
keywords = {Control, Correlation, Hydrocyclone, Model, Pressure ratio, Underflow pump},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
timestamp = {2015.12.31},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Sabbagh_SEPPUR-2016,
author = {R. Sabbagh and M. G. Lipsett and C. R. Koch and D. S. Nobes},
title = {Predicting Equivalent Settling Area Factor in Hydrocyclones; A Method for Determining Tangential Velocity Profile},
doi = {10.1016/j.seppur.2016.03.009},
issn = {13835866},
pages = {341--351},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Sabbagh_SEPPUR-2016.pdf},
volume = {163},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Separation and Purification Technology},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
timestamp = {2016.03.14},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Sabbagh_SST_2015,
author = {R. Sabbagh and M. G. Lipsett and C. R. Koch and D. S. Nobes},
title = {Hydrocyclone Performance and Energy Consumption Prediction: A Comparison with Other Centrifugal Separators},
doi = {10.1080/01496395.2014.978463},
number = {6},
pages = {788-801},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Sabbagh_SST_2015.pdf},
volume = {50},
abstract = {Centrifugal separators have many applications in the separation industry.
Comprehensive information based on performance and energy consumption
for a detailed comparison between different types of centrifugal
separators is essential to allow design optimization and is the focus
of this work. A framework for comparing performance with an updated
performance chart for four types of centrifugal separators and a
comparison with a continuous gravity settling tank is described.
A model and chart for performance and energy consumption, which makes
it possible to compare different separators, is a key result of this
work which extends current available handbooks and guidelines.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Separation Science and Technology},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
timestamp = {2015.04.19},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Schoeling2009,
author = {D. Schoerling and C. Van Kleeck and F. Fahimi and C. R. Koch and A. Ams and P. Loeber},
title = {Experimental Test of a Robust Formation Controller for Marine Unmanned Surface Vessels},
doi = {doi.org/10.1007/s10514-009-9163-6},
number = {2},
pages = {213--230},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Schoeling2009.pdf},
volume = {28},
abstract = {Experiments with two formation controllers for marine unmanned surface
vessels are reported. The formation controllers are designed using
the nonlinear robust model-based sliding mode approach. The marine
vehicles can operate in arbitrary formation configurations by using
two leader-follower control schemes. For the design of these controller
schemes 3 degrees of freedom (DOFs) of surge, sway, and yaw are assumed
in the planar motion of the marine surface vessels. Each vessel only
has two actuators; therefore, the vessels are underactuated and the
lack of a kinematic constraint puts them into the holonomic system
category. In this work, the position of a control point on the vessel
is controlled, and the orientation dynamics is not directly controlled.
Therefore, there is a potential for an oscillatory yaw motion to
occur. It is shown that the orientation dynamics, as the internal
dynamics of this underactuated system, is stable, i.e., the follower
vehicle does not oscillate about its control point during the formation
maneuvers. The proposed formation controller relies only on the state
information obtained from the immediate neighbors of the vessel and
the vessel itself. The effectiveness and robustness of formation
control laws in the presence of parameter uncertainty and environmental
disturbances are demonstrated by using both simulations and field
experiments. The experiments were performed in a natural environment
on a lake using a small test boat, and show robust performance to
parameter uncertainty and disturbance. This paper reports the first
experimental verification of the above mentioned approach, whose
unique features are the use of a control point, the zero-dynamic
stability analysis, the use of leader-follower method and a nonlinear
robust control approach.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Autonomous Robots, Springer},
keywords = {Formation control - Autonomous vehicles - Marine vehicles - Surface vessels - Sliding mode control - Experimental verification},
month = {February},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2009.11.11},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Setayesgar_asme_jfe_2014,
author = {A. Setayeshgar and M. G. Lipsett and C. R. Koch and D. S. Nobes},
title = {Particle motion in a macroscale multiwavelength acoustic field},
doi = {10.1115/1.4027777},
note = {ASME Journal of Fluid Engineering},
pages = {011302},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Setayesgar_asme_jfe_2014.pdf},
volume = {137(1)},
abstract = {Particle motion due to ultrasonic acoustic radiation in a macroscale,
multiwavelength acoustic chamber is investigated and compared with
available theories. Primary acoustic radiation force theory has been
extensively developed to predict single particle motion in a microscale,
single-node acoustic chamber/channel. There is a need to investigate
the applicability of this theory to macroscale, multiwavelength acoustic
channels utilizing the acoustic radiation force for separating polydispersed
particles. A particle-tracking velocimetry (PTV) approach for measuring
individual particle motion is developed specifically to track particles
as they densify at an acoustic pressure node. Particle motion is
tracked over the lifetime of their motion to a node. Good agreement
between the experimental and theoretical results is observed in the
early stages of particle motion, where particles can be considered
individually. Only in the densified region of the acoustic pressure
node is there some mismatch with theory. The acoustic energy density
of the acoustic chamber, a parameter intrinsically associated with
the system by the theory, is also determined experimentally for different
conditions and shown to be constant for all investigated system settings.
The investigation demonstrates the capability of available theory
in predicting the motion of polydispersed particles in macroscale,
multiwavelength acoustic chambers.},
comment = {accepted May 2014},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {J. of Fluids Eng.},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2015.03.15},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Shahbahkti2009,
author = {M. Shahbahkti and A. Ghazimirsaied and C. R. Koch},
title = {Experimental Study of Exhaust Temperature Variation in an {HCCI} Engine},
pages = {1177-1197},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Shahbahkti2009.pdf},
volume = {224},
abstract = {Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines have low Nitric
Oxides NOx and Particulate Matter (PM) engine-out emissions but have
higher unburned Hydrocarbon (HC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) emission
compared to conventional spark/diesel engines. Only for sufficiently
high exhaust gas temperatures an exhaust aftertreatment can be used,
thus low exhaust gas temperature in certain operating conditions
can limit the operating range in HCCI engines. The influence of engine
conditions on the exhaust gas temperature in a single cylinder experimental
engine is investigated at 340 steady-state operating points. The
variation of the exhaust gas temperature is also studied under transient
conditions and during a mode switch between Spark Ignition (SI) and
HCCI combustion. For the conditions tested, a significant number
of data has an exhaust gas temperature below 300C which is below
the light-off temperature of typical catalytic converters in the
market. Three different categories of engine variables are recognized
and classified by how the exhaust temperature is affected by changing
that variable. The first category is defined primary variables (e.g.
intake pressure and fuel octane number) for which location of ignition
timing is the dominant factor to influence exhaust temperature. The
other groups include compounding variables like engine speed and
opposing variables like intake temperature, coolant temperature and
equivalence ratio. In addition experimental results show that exhaust
temperature in HCCI is not strongly dependant on engine load, unlike
SI engines where engine load is a main factor for determining exhaust
temperature.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Journal of Automobile Engineering - Part D},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2010.01.07},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Shahbakhti2009sae_trans,
author = {M. Shahbakhti and C. R. Koch},
title = {Dynamic Modeling of {HCCI} Combustion Timing in Transient Fueling Operation},
journal = {SAE Int. J. Engines},
year = {2009},
volume = {2},
number = {1},
pages = {1098-1113},
abstract = {A physics-based control-oriented model is developed to dynamically
predict cycle-to-cycle combustion timing in transient fueling conditions
for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines. The model
simulates the engine cycle from the intake stroke to the exhaust
stroke and includes the thermal coupling dynamics caused by the residual
gases from one cycle to the next cycle. A residual gas model, a modified
knock integral model, a fuel burn rate model, and thermodynamic models
for the gas state in combustion and exhaust strokes are incorporated
to simulate the engine cycle. The gas exchange process, generated
work and completeness of combustion are predicted using semi-empirical
correlations. The resulting model is parameterized for the combustion
of Primary Reference Fuel (PRF) blends using 5703 simulations from
a detailed thermo-kinetic model. Semi-empirical correlations in the
model are parameterized using the experimental data obtained from
a single-cylinder engine. The dynamics of fuel transport from intake
port into the cylinder is described using the wall wetting fuel dynamic
model. Step Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) excursions are used to excite the
HCCI engine to determine},
groups = {Journal},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2010.01.07}
}
@article{IJER2008,
author = {M. Shahbakhti and C. R. Koch},
title = {Characterizing the Cyclic Variability of Ignition Timing in an {HCCI} Engine Fueled with n-Heptane/iso-Octane Blend Fuels},
journal = {International Journal of Engine Research, Vol 9},
year = {2008},
volume = {9},
pages = {361 - 397},
abstract = {The cyclic variations of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI)
ignition timing is studied for a range of charge properties by varying
the equivalence ratio, intake temperature, intake pressure, exhaust
gas recirculation (EGR) rate, engine speed, and coolant temperature.
Characterization of cyclic variations of ignition timing in HCCI
at over 430 operating points on two single-cylinder engines for five
different blends of primary reference fuel (PRF), (iso-octane and
n-heptane) is performed. Three distinct patterns of cyclic variation
for the start of combustion (SOC), combustion peak pressure (Pmax),
and indicated mean effective pressure (i.m.e.p.) are observed. These
patterns are normal cyclic variations, periodic cyclic variations,
and cyclic variations with weak/misfired ignitions. Results also
show that the position of SOC plays an important role in cyclic variations
of HCCI combustion with less variation observed when SOC occurs immediately
after top dead centre (TDC). Higher levels of cyclic variations are
observed in the main (second) stage of HCCI combustion compared with
that of the first stage for the PRF fuels studied. The sensitivity
of SOC to different charge properties varies. Cyclic variation of
SOC increases with an increase in the EGR rate, but it decreases
with an increase in equivalence ratio, intake temperature, and coolant
temperature.},
groups = {Journal},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2008.11.01}
}
@article{Shahidi_SNB_2017,
author = {Shahidi, S. and Koch, Charles R. and Bhattacharjee, Subir and Mohtada Sadrzadeh},
title = {Dielectric behavior of oil-water emulsions during phase separation probed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.072},
issn = {0925-4005},
pages = {460-464},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Shahidi_SNB_2017.pdf},
volume = {243},
abstract = {Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is applied to studying the
stability and phase behavior of oil-water emulsions. The method involves
EIS on 500-micron-thick samples of emulsions in a parallel-plate
capacitor test cell. The frequency response data is fitted to an
equivalent circuit model to estimate the electrical impedance of
the samples. The technique is used for investigating the capacitance
and resistance of emulsions during phase separation. A theoretical
explanation based on the capacitance of the emulsion layer is provided
to understand the reason behind the variation in the dielectric constant
of the samples during phase separation. It is observed that creaming
and sedimentation can be captured as a permittivity decay, so permittivity
measurements can be utilized to sense phase separation. The technique
is shown to be more effective for oil-in-water emulsions rather than
water-in-oil ones.},
comment = {Online Nov 17, 2016, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400516318706},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Sensors and Actuators B. Chemical},
keywords = {Phase separation monitoring},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2016.12.05},
year = {2017}
}
@article{SupeeneJCIS2007,
author = {G. Supeene and C. R. Koch and S. Bhattacharjee},
title = {Deformation of a Droplet in an Electric Field: Nonlinear Transient Response in Perfect and Leaky Dielectric Media},
note = {JICS},
pages = {463 - 476},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/SupeeneJCIS2007.pdf},
volume = {318},
abstract = {Deformation of a fluid drop, suspended in a second immisciblefluid,
under the influence of an imposed electric field is a widely studied
phenomenon. In this paper, the system is analyzed numerically to
assess its dynamic behavior. The response of the system to a step
change in the electric field is simulated for both perfect and leaky
dielectric systems, exploring the influence of the fluid, interfacial,
and electrical properties on the system dynamics. For the leaky dielectric
case, the dynamic build up of the free charge at the interface including
the effects of convection along the interface due to electrohydrodynamic
circulation is investigated. The departure of the system from linear
perturbation theory is explained using these dynamic simulations.
The present simulations are compared with analytic solutions, as
well as available experimental results, indicating that the predictions
from the model are reliable even at considerably large deformations.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Journal of Colloid and Interface Science},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2007.07.18},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Supeene2004,
author = {G. Supeene and C. R. Koch and S. Bhattacharjee},
title = {Deformation of a Droplet in an Electrical Field: Transient Response in Dielectric Media},
pages = {429-437},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Supeene2004.pdf},
volume = {Volume 1, Number 4},
abstract = {Deformation of droplets in an externally imposed electrical field
is a widely studied phenomenon, and is an important component of
microfluidic operations involving electrical actuation of droplets.
The ability to control deformation of a droplet provides the ability
to manipulate these droplets in a controlled manner on a microfluidic
chip. In this study, we explore a general mathematical formulation
for the deformation of droplets under an imposed electrical field.
The coupled fluid mechanical and electrostatic governing equations
are solved numerically using finite element analysis, and the solution
is presented for two perfect dielectrics carrying no free charge.
The numerical solutions are first compared with an asymptotic analytic
result to assess the accuracy of the numerical code. Following this,
the dynamics of the deformation are presented to characterize the
typical response of a droplet subjected to a step change in the electric
field. The results provide a basis for modeling the dynamic response
and formulating control strategies for droplet manipulation, and
may provide considerable insight into microfluidic operations based
on electrowetting.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience},
keywords = {Droplet deformation; Electric field; Laplace equation; Navier-Stokes equations; Finite element; System identification},
owner = {ckoch},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Swant2006,
author = {K. Swan and M. Shahbakhti and C. R Koch},
title = {Predicting Start of Combustion Using a Modified Knock Integral Method for an {HCCI} Engine},
journal = {SAE Int. J. Engines},
year = {2007},
month = {March},
pages = {611-620},
abstract = {Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) is a promising combustion
concept for internal combustion engines to reduce emissions and fuel
consumption. Unlike spark ignition and diesel engines in which ignition
is controlled by spark and spray injection timing respectively, HCCI
combustion auto-ignites given the correct mixture conditions which
makes HCCI ignition difficult to control. It is thus critical to
understand the characteristics of HCCI ignition timing in order to
find suitable strategies for ignition control. This paper presents
a modified model of ignition timing which is based on the Knock-Integral
Method. Since this model doesn't require instantaneous in-cylinder
parameters, it is suitable for control application on HCCI combustion.
The model is tested using both simulation results of a Thermo-Kinetic
Model and experimental data. With seven model parameters, the ignition
timing of over 250 HCCI points at different conditions for four different
Primary Reference Fuels (PRF) is predicted to within an average error
of less than 1.5 degrees of crank angle. This model is computationally
efficient and could be implemented in the engine control unit of
an HCCI engine to calculate the required inputs that are needed to
get the desired ignition timing.},
booktitle = {SAE Int. J. Engines},
groups = {Journal},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {Society of Automotve Engineers}
}
@article{Tsai_2012,
author = {Jimmy Tsai and Charles Robert Koch and Mehrdad Saif},
title = {Cycle Adaptive Feedforward Approach Controllers for an Electromagnetic Valve Actuator},
doi = {10.1109/TCST.2011.2126575},
issn = {1063-6536},
number = {3},
pages = {738-746},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Tsai_2012.pdf},
volume = {20},
abstract = {An electromagnetic valvetrain for an internal combustion engine can
improve the engine thermal efficiency but requires soft landing control
to avoid excessive wear and acoustic noise. To simplify the soft
landing problem, the valve control algorithm is partitioned into
approach and landing controllers. The landing control is responsible
for the last part of the 8 mm valve travel while the approach control
is responsible for the rest. This paper focuses on the approach control.
The goal of the approach control is to achieve an end state that
sets constant initial conditions for the landing control. In addition
to an identified system model, information based on previous valve
events is utilized to take advantage of the repetitive nature of
the valve opening/closing. Nonlinear iterative learning, terminal
iterative learning, and Nelder Mead direct search algorithms are
three cyclic adaptive feedforward approach controllers that are tested
in simulation for automotive electromagnetic valves. These results
are compared but the emphasis of this paper is on the Nelder Mead
approach which works well both in simulation and experiment for disturbances
that are slow compared to the valve travel time.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2011.08.12},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Tzanetakis2010,
author = {T. Tzanetakis and P Singh and J. Chen and M. J. Thomson and C. R. Koch},
title = {Knock Limit Prediction via Multi-Zone Modeling of a Primary Reference Fuel {HCCI} Engine},
doi = {doi:10.1504/IJVD.2010.034870},
pages = {47--72},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Tzanetakis2010.pdf},
volume = {54},
abstract = {A multi-zone modeling methodology has been developed in order to predict
the combustion behaviour of a single cylinder HCCI engine. A simple
blow-by model was incorporated to more accurately capture engine
performance at the low constant operating speed of 700 rpm. The multi-zone
model was calibrated by matching predicted and experimental pressure
trace data at a single engine operating point. Robustness was demonstrated
by reproducing the experimental pressure trace at another point without
further adjustment of any modeling parameters. The relative CO and
unburned hydrocarbon emissions predicted at both operating points
showed good agreement with experimental observations. The model was
used to predict the high load or knock boundary of the engine with
two different criteria: one based on maximum pressure rise rate and
the other on the pressure equalization rate within the charge. Both
methods demonstrate an adequate ability to predict the onset of knock
during HCCI.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {International Journal of Vehicle Design},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2010.10.21},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Wen_a_ener_2012,
author = {Sona Visakhamoorthy and John Z. Wen and Siva Sivoththaman and Charles Robert Koch},
title = {Numerical study of a butanol/heptane fuelled Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition ({HCCI}) engine utilizing negative valve overlap},
doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.01.047},
issn = {0306-2619},
number = {0},
pages = {166 - 173},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Wen_a_ener_2012.pdf},
volume = {94},
abstract = {The calibration and comparison to experimental data of a parallel
computing multi-zone combustion model for simulating operational
characteristics of an n-butanol/n-heptane fuelled Homogeneous Charge
Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine utilizing the negative valve overlap
(NVO) technology is described. The model is calibrated using one
experimentally characterized operating point and by taking into account
the major features of NVO. The model simulations at other four operating
points closely match the cylinder pressure trace and heat release
rates of the experiments. The unburned hydrocarbon emission is predicted
to a reasonable level while NOx (nitric oxide NO and nitrogen dioxide
NO2) formation is under-predicted. The difficulty in mapping the
NOx emission is attributed to the fact that the combustion model
operates within the closed cycle period of engines and therefore
does not capture the complexity of the charge stratification within
the NVO equipped engine. Nevertheless, the trend of increasing NOx
levels with the increasing fraction of butanol in the fuel mixture
is captured and the model is able to predict the pressure, heat release
rates, and combustion phasing for the three fuel blends tested.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {HCCI},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2012.02.29},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Hadi_lndCR_2017,
author = {Nazaripoor, Hadi and Koch, Charles R. and Sadrzadeh},
title = {Enhanced electrically induced micro-patterning of confined thin liquid films: Thermocapillary role and its limitations},
doi = {10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02814},
issn = {08885885},
number = {38},
pages = {10678-10688},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Hadi_lndCR_2017.pdf},
volume = {56},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Industrial \& Engineering Chemistry Research},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2017-09-27},
year = {2017}
}
@article{gibeau_koch_ghaemi_2018,
author = {Gibeau, B and Koch, C. R. and Ghaemi, S.},
date = {2018-05-22},
title = {Secondary instabilities in the wake of an elongated two-dimensional body with a blunt trailing edge},
doi = {10.1017/jfm.2018.285},
pages = {578-604},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/gibeau_koch_ghaemi_2018.pdf},
volume = {846},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
timestamp = {2018-05-22},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Aliramezani_SSI_2017,
author = {Masoud Aliramezani and Charles Robert Koch and Robert Hayes and Ronald Patrick},
title = {Amperometric solid electrolyte {NOx} sensors - The effect of temperature and diffusion mechanisms},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2017.10.024},
issn = {0167-2738},
pages = {7 - 13},
volume = {313},
abstract = {Abstract The diffusion mechanism of a zirconia-based amperometric \{NOx\} sensor was examined by studying the effect of sensor temperature on sensor output. The structure and the exact dimensions of a production automotive \{NOx\} sensor were first measured using x-ray tomography. A simplified heat transfer model was employed and validated to estimate the sensor temperature based on sensor heater power. The sensor temperature was then changed by changing the sensor heater power to evaluate different diffusion mechanisms. Normal multi-component diffusion mechanism, Knudsen diffusion mechanism and a combination of both mechanisms (Normal and Knudsen diffusion) were evaluated at different sensor temperatures. The normal multi-component diffusion mechanism was experimentally found to be the dominant diffusion mechanism that affects the diffusive flow through the sensor diffusion barriers. A sensor model was developed based on this dominant diffusion mechanism to predict \{NOx\} concentration. Finally, the sensor model output for \{NOx\} was validated with the experiments at different Diesel engine operating conditions with different species concentrations.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Solid State Ionics},
keywords = {Amperometric \{NOx\} sensor, Diffusion mechanism, Sensor temperature, Diesel engine, Physics-based model},
timestamp = {2017-12-15},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Hadi_2018_PYRE,
author = {Nazaripoor, Hadi and Flynn, M. R. and Koch, Charles R. and Sadrzadeh, Mohtada},
title = {Thermally induced interfacial instabilities and pattern formation in confined liquid nanofilms},
pages = {043106},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Hadi_2018_PYRE.pdf},
volume = {98},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Physcical Review E},
month = oct,
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2018-11-19},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Hadi_2018_JCIS,
author = {Nazaripoor, Hadi and Koch, Charles R. and Sadrzadeh, Mohtada},
title = {Ordered high aspect ratio nanopillar formation based on electrical and thermal reflowing of prepatterned thin films},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.06.080},
issn = {0021-9797},
pages = {312-320},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Hadi_2018_JCIS.pdf},
volume = {530},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Journal of Colloid and Interface Science},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry},
timestamp = {2018-07-03},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Gorden2019,
author = {David Gordon and Christian Wouters and Maximilian Wick and Bastian Lehrheuer and Jakob Andert and Charles R Koch and Stefan Pischinger},
title = {Development and experimental validation of a field programmable gate array--based in-cycle direct water injection control strategy for homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion stability},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087419841744},
number = {0},
pages = {1-12},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Gorden2019.pdf},
volume = {0},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {International Journal of of Engine Research},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2018-10-18},
year = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{Izadi2019,
author = {Izadi, Mojtaba and Koch, Charles R. and Dubljevic, Stevan S.},
title = {Model Predictive Control of {Ginzburg-Landau} Equation},
booktitle = {Active Flow and Combustion Control 2018},
year = {2019},
editor = {King, Rudibert},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
isbn = {978-3-319-98177-2},
pages = {75--90},
abstract = {This work explores the realization of model predictive control (MPC) design to an important problem of vortex shedding phenomena in fluid flow. The setting of vortex shedding phenomena is represented by a Ginzburg-Landau (GL) equation model and leads to the mathematical representation given by complex infinite dimensional parabolic PDEs. The underlying GL model is considered within the boundary control setting and the modal representation is considered to obtain discrete infinite dimensional system representation which is used in the model predictive control design. The model predictive control design accounts for optimal stabilization of the unstable GL equation model, and for the naturally present input constraints and/or state constraints. The feasibility of the optimization based model predictive controller is ensured through a large enough prediction horizon. The subsequent feasibility is ensured in a disturbance free model setting. The applicability of an easily realizable discrete controller design is demonstrated using simulation with known parameters from the literature.},
address = {Cham},
groups = {Journal},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2018-11-19}
}
@article{Wick2018,
author = {Maximilian Wick and Julian Bedei and Jakob Andert and David Gordon and Charles R Koch and Christian Wouters and Bastian Lehrheuer and Eugen Nuss},
title = {In-cycle control for stabilization of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion using direct water injection},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.086},
pages = {0306-2619},
volume = {240},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Applied Energy},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2019-01-15},
year = {2019}
}
@article{PRFL_2018,
author = {Bradley Gibeau and Charles Robert Koch and Sina Ghaemi},
title = {Active control of vortex shedding from a blunt trailing edge using oscillating piezoelectric flaps},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevFluids.4.054704},
issue = {5},
pages = {054704},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/PRFL_2018.pdf},
volume = {4},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Phys. Rev. Fluids},
month = {May},
numpages = {26},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
timestamp = {2019-08-09},
year = {2019}
}
@article{IEEE_sens_MA_2019,
author = {Masoud Aliramezani and Charles Robert Koch and Ron Patrick},
title = {A Variable-Potential Amperometric Hydrocarbon Sensor},
doi = {10.1109/JSEN.2019.2938920},
issn = {2379-9153},
number = {24},
pages = {12003-12010},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/IEEE_sens_MA_2019.pdf},
volume = {19},
abstract = {Using the understanding of an inexpensive production NOx sensor, the operating parameters are changed to enable hydrocarbon measurement using the same sensor. A limiting-current-type amperometric hydrocarbon sensor for rich conditions (in the absence of O2) is developed in this work. To do this, an inexpensive three-chamber amperometric sensor with three separate electrochemical cells is parameterized to measure propane concentration. The sensor is tested using a controlled sensor test rig at different propane concentrations. The inputs to the sensor electrochemical cells have been modified to determine the best HC measurement parameters (HCMPs) for measuring propane at different concentrations. First, the transient performance and stability of the sensor are optimized by changing the sensor temperature, the reference cell potential, and the stabilizing cell potential at a high propane concentration (5000 ppm - balanced with nitrogen). Over the range tested, the sensor has the longest stable output duration at the temperature of 1009 K, the reference cell potential of 0.67 V and the stabilizing cell potential of 0.45 V. Using these sensor inputs for sensor temperature, reference cell potential and stabilizing cell potential, the sensor steady state behavior is studied to find the diffusion-rate-determined operating region. The sensor is shown to have a linear sensitivity to propane concentration from 0 to 3200 ppm. Finally, the sensor response time to different step changes from 0 up to 5000 ppm propane concentration are studied. It is shown that propane stepsize does not have a significant effect on the sensor response time. Consequently, using the working principles of an existing production amperometric NOx sensor and changing the sensor operating parameters, an amperometric hydrocarbon sensor that works in diffusion rate determining operating region is developed.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {IEEE Sensors Journal},
keywords = {amperometric sensors;chemical variables measurement;nitrogen compounds;organic compounds;HCMP;cell potential stability;diffusion-rate-determination;propane concentration;sensor steady state behavior;reference cell potential;transient performance;HC measurement parameters;electrochemical cell sensor;three-chamber amperometric sensor;limiting-current-type amperometric hydrocarbon sensor;hydrocarbon measurement;variable-potential amperometric hydrocarbon sensor;temperature 1009.0 K;voltage 0.67 V;voltage 0.45 V;Temperature sensors;Amperometric sensors;Electric potential;Temperature measurement;Hydrocarbons;Electrodes;Gas sensor;hydrocarbon sensor;emission measurement;amperometric sensor;propane},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2020-01-20},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Aliramezani201862,
author = {Masoud Aliramezani and Charles Robert Koch and Ron Patrick},
title = {Phenomenological model of a solid electrolyte {NOx} and {O2} sensor using temperature perturbation for on-board diagnostics},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2018.04.004},
issn = {0167-2738},
pages = {62 - 68},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Aliramezani201862.pdf},
volume = {321},
abstract = {Abstract Amperometric \{NOx\} sensors are increasingly used in automotive industry to meet the stringent emission measurement regulations. These sensors measure O2 and NOx concentration using two different sensing cells. In this work, a physics-based model was developed and then employed to predict the sensor output for oxygen as a function of sensor temperature and oxygen concentration. A temperature perturbation method was also developed based on the model to calibrate the sensor output with respect to oxygen concentration. The model accurately matched the experimental results for steady state and transient conditions. A two step sensor diagnostics procedure based on the sensor temperature perturbation method was then proposed. The first diagnostics step evaluates the sensor output to check if it is within the acceptable range. The second diagnosis step checks the plausibility of the sensor output based on the physics based model and temperature perturbation. A self-calibration procedure was also implemented inside the diagnostics procedure using temperature perturbation at engine-off. This self-recalibration only requires an external relative humidity measurement.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Solid State Ionics},
keywords = {On-board diagnostics (OBD), O2 sensor, Amperometric NO sensor, Diesel engine},
timestamp = {2018-04-12},
year = {2018}
}
@article{SAB_MA_2019,
author = {Masoud Aliramezani and Charles Robert Koch and Marc Secanell and Robert E. Hayes and Ron Patrick},
date = {2019-04-05},
title = {An electrochemical model of an amperometric {NOx} sensor},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.03.135},
issn = {0167-2738},
pages = {302-311},
volume = {290},
abstract = {To help design future amperometric NOx sensors, a physics-based sensor model that includes diffusion and electrochemical submodels is developed. It is shown that NO is partly reduced in the O2 sensing chamber which affects NO concentration in the O2 sensing and in the NOx sensing chamber. Therefore, the electrochemical model is developed to simulate partial reduction of NOx on the O2 sensing electrode and reduction of NOx on the NOx sensing electrode. A transport model that simulates diffusion of the gas species through the sensor diffusion barriers and sensor chambers is coupled to the electrochemical submodels. A fully controlled sensor test-rig that provides controlled gas mixtures is employed to carry out experiments to estimate model parameters. Then, the sensor is installed on the exhaust system of a medium duty Diesel engine and then on a port injection spark ignition engine. Experiments at different engine operating conditions with different NOx concentrations from 0 to 2820 ppm have been performed to validate the model accuracy at different operating conditions. Through the validation process, the NOx sensing cell voltage is changed experimentally at different NOx concentrations to evaluate the model accuracy at different cell voltages. The model results closely match the experiments with the maximum 12% error for the NOx sensing pumping current.},
comment = {in press},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical},
keywords = {Electrochemical gas sensor, Physics-based model, Solid electrolyte, Pt-Au, NOx, Polarization loss, Diesel engine, Spark Ignition Engine, On-board diagnostics (OBD), O2 sensor, Amperometric NO sensor},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2019-03-13},
year = {2019}
}
@article{IJC_Xie2020,
author = {Junyao Xie and Charles Robert Koch and Stevan Dubljevic},
title = {Discrete output regulator design for linear distributed parameter systems},
doi = {10.1080/00207179.2020.1807059},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00207179.2020.1807059},
pages = {1-17},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/IJC_Xie2020.pdf},
volume = {0},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {International Journal of Control},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
timestamp = {2020-09-12},
year = {2020}
}
@article{IJER_AN_2020,
author = {Armin Norouzi and Charles Robert Koch and Masoud Aliramezani},
title = {A Correlation Based Model Order Reduction Approach for a Diesel Engine NOx and BMEP Dynamic Model Using Machine Learning},
doi = {10.1177/1468087420936949},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087420936949},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/IJER_AN_2020.pdf},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {International Journal of Engine Research},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2020-09-12},
year = {2021}
}
@article{MA_SENAB2020,
author = {Masoud Aliramezani and Armin Norouzi and Charles Robert Koch},
title = {A grey-box machine learning-based model of an electrochemical gas sensor},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128414},
pages = {128414},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/MA_SENAB2020.pdf},
volume = {321},
comment = {Accepted June 6, 2020 to Sensors and Actuators: B},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical},
keywords = {Electrochemical sensor, Machine learning, Grey-box model, On-board diagnostics, Combustion engines, NO emission, Cross sensitivity},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2020-09-12},
year = {2020}
}
@article{LZ_IECR2020,
author = {Lu Zhang and Junyao Xie and Charles Robert Koch and Stevan Dubljevic},
date = {2020-05-22},
title = {Model Predictive Control of Jacket Tubular Reactor with Reversible Exothermic Reaction},
number = {42},
pages = {18921--18936},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/LZ_IECR2020.pdf},
volume = {59},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Industrial \& Engineering Chemistry Research},
owner = {ckoch},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
timestamp = {2020-12-26},
year = {2020}
}
@article{GordenIJER2020,
author = {David Gordon and Christian Wouters and Maximilian Wick and Feihong Xia and Bastian Lehrheuer and Jakob Andert and Charles R Koch and Stefan Pischinger},
title = {Development and experimental validation of a real-time capable field programmable gate array - based gas exchange model for negative valve overlap},
doi = {10.1177/1468087418788491},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087418788491},
number = {3},
pages = {421-436},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Gorden2018.pdf},
volume = {21},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {International Journal of Engine Research},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2020-05-22},
year = {2020}
}
@article{IJER_Rapid_Ign_DG_2020,
author = {David Gordon and Christian Wouters and Shota Kinoshita and Maximilian Wick and Bastian Lehrheuer and Jakob Andert and Stefan Pischinger and Charles R Koch},
title = {Homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion stability improvement using a rapid ignition system},
doi = {10.1177/1468087420917769},
number = {10},
pages = {1846-1856},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/IJER_Rapid_Ign_DG_2020.pdf},
volume = {21},
abstract = {When compared to traditional engines, homogeneous charge compression ignition has the potential to significantly reduce NOx raw emissions, while maintaining a high fuel efficiency. Homogeneous charge compression ignition is characterized by compression-induced autoignition of a lean homogeneous air-fuel mixture. Since homogeneous charge compression ignition does not utilize direct ignition control, it is strongly dependent on the state of the cylinder charge and can suffer from high cyclic variability. With spark-assisted compression ignition, it has been demonstrated that misfires can be reduced, while preserving the high thermal efficiency of homogeneous charge compression ignition as a result of the more favorable physical mixture properties due to dilution. However, spark-assisted compression ignition reduces the NOx benefits of homogeneous charge compression ignition, as it increases the local combustion temperatures. To merge the advantages of the homogeneous charge compression ignition and the spark-assisted compression ignition combustion processes, a field-programmable gate array for detailed simulation of the physical gas exchange is combined with a rapid spark system. The low latency and computational speed of the field-programmable gate array allows the simulation process to be implemented in real time. When combined with the rapid reaction time of the high-frequency current-based rapid ignition system, a feedforward controller based on the cylinder pressure or heat release is realized. The developed model-based controller determines if a spark is required to assist the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion process. The use of the field-programmable gate array and rapid ignition system allows for the calculation of combustion properties and controller output within 0.1 CA. This article presents the development and experimental validation of the developed controller on a single-cylinder research engine. The combustion stability has been significantly improved as reflected in an improved standard deviation of the indicated mean effective pressure and a reduction of the combustion phasing variations. Furthermore, compared to a traditional homogeneous charge compression ignition system, the hydrocarbon emissions can be reduced, while maintaining low NOx emissions.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {International Journal of Engine Research},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2020-10-05},
year = {2020}
}
@article{XIE20211,
author = {Junyao Xie and Charles {Robert Koch} and Stevan Dubljevic},
date = {2021},
journal = {European Journal of Control},
title = {Discrete-time model-based output regulation of fluid flow systems},
doi = {https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.ejcon.2020.10.005},
issn = {0947-3580},
pages = {1-13},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/XIE20211.pdf},
volume = {57},
abstract = {Model-based discrete-time output regulator design is proposed for fluid flow systems using a geometric approach. More specifically, a class of vortex shedding and falling thin film phenomena modelled by complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE) and Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation (KSE) are considered. Differently from a traditional continuous-time controller design, a novel discrete-time modelling technique is proposed in a general infinite-dimensional state-space setting, which does not pertain any spatial approximation or model reduction, and preserves model intrinsic properties (such as stability, controllability and observability). Based on the time discretized plant model (CGLE and KSE systems) by the Cayley-Tustin method, discrete regulator regulation equations are established and facilitated for an output regulator design to achieve fluid flow control and manipulation. To address model instability, a spectrum analysis is utilized in stabilizing continuous-time CGLE and KSE systems, and a link between discrete- and continuous-time closed-loop system stabilizing gains is established. Finally, the proposed methodology is demonstrated through a set of simulation cases, by which the output tracking, disturbance rejection, and model stabilization are achieved for the considered CGLE and KSE systems.},
groups = {Journal},
keywords = {Flow control and manipulation, Distributed parameter systems, Ginzburg-Landau equation, Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, Output regulation},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2021-03-03},
year = {2021}
}
@article{ENER_MPC_Norouzi2021,
author = {Norouzi, Armin and Heidarifar, Hamed and Shahbakhti, Mahdi and Koch, Charles Robert and Borhan, Hoseinali},
title = {Model Predictive Control of Internal Combustion Engines: A Review and Future Directions},
doi = {10.3390/en14196251},
issn = {1996-1073},
number = {19},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/energies-14-06251.pdf},
volume = {14},
abstract = {An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a highly nonlinear dynamic and complex engineering system whose operation is constrained by operational limits, including emissions, noise, peak in-cylinder pressure, combustion stability, and actuator constraints. To optimize today's ICEs, seven to ten control actuators and 10 -20 feedback sensors are often used, depending on the engine applications and target emission regulations. This requires extensive engine experimentation to calibrate the engine control module (ECM), which is both cumbersome and costly. Despite these efforts, optimal operation, particularly during engine transients and to meet real driving emission (RDE) targets for broad engine speed and load conditions, has still not been obtained. Methods of model predictive control (MPC) have shown promising results for real-time multi-objective optimal control of constrained multi-variable nonlinear systems, including ICEs. This paper reviews the application of MPC for ICEs and analyzes the recent developments in MPC that can be utilized in ECMs. ICE control and calibration can be enhanced by taking advantage of the recent developments in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in applying Machine Learning (ML) to large-scale engine data. Recent developments in the field of ML-MPC are investigated, and promising methods for ICE control applications are identified in this paper.},
article-number = {6251},
comment = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/19/6251},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Energies},
owner = {ckoch},
year = {2021}
}
@article{Ebrahimi2021,
author = {Khashayar Ebrahimi and David Gordon and Pervez Canteenwalla and Charles R Koch},
date = {2021-04},
journal = {International Journal of Engine Research},
title = {Evaluation of {ASTM} D6424 standard for knock analysis using unleaded fuel candidates on a six cylinder aircraft engine},
doi = {10.1177/14680874211008703},
number = {7},
pages = {1159--1179},
url = {/~ckoch/open_access/Ebrahimi2021.pdf},
volume = {23},
groups = {Journal},
publisher = {{SAGE} Publications},
year = {2021}
}
@article{GordenIJER2021,
author = {David Gordon and Armin Norouzi and Gero Blomeyer and Julian Bedei and Masoud Aliramezani and Jakob Andert and Charles R Koch},
title = {Support vector machine based emissions modeling using particle swarm optimization for homogeneous charge compression ignition engine},
doi = {10.1177/14680874211055546},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874211055546},
number = {0},
pages = {14680874211055546},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874211055546},
volume = {0},
abstract = {The internal combustion engine faces increasing societal and governmental pressure to improve both efficiency and engine out emissions. Currently, research has moved from traditional combustion methods to new highly efficient combustion strategies such as Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI). However, predicting the exact value of engine out emissions using conventional physics-based or data-driven models is still a challenge for engine researchers due to the complexity the of combustion and emission formation. Research has focused on using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for this problem but ANN's require large training datasets for acceptable accuracy. This work addresses this problem by presenting the development of a simple model for predicting the steady-state emissions of a single cylinder HCCI engine which is created using an metaheuristic optimization based Support Vector Machine (SVM). The selection of input variables to the SVM model is explored using five different feature sets, considering up to seven engine inputs. The best results are achieved with a model combining linear and squared inputs as well as cross correlations and their squares totaling 26 features. In this case the model fit represented by R2 values were between 0.72 and 0.95. The best model fits were achieved for CO and CO2, while HC and NOx models have reduced model performance. Linear and non-linear SVM models were then compared to an ANN model. This comparison showed that SVM based models were more robust to changes in feature selection and better able to avoid local minimums compared to the ANN models leading to a more consistent model prediction when limited training data is available. The proposed machine learning based HCCI emission models and the feature selection approach provide insight into optimizing the model accuracy while minimizing the computational costs.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {International Journal of Engine Research},
owner = {ckoch},
timestamp = {2021-11-11},
year = {2021}
}
@article{ALIRAMEZANI2022100967,
author = {Masoud Aliramezani and Charles Robert Koch and Mahdi Shahbakhti},
title = {Modeling, diagnostics, optimization, and control of internal combustion engines via modern machine learning techniques: A review and future directions},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2021.100967},
issn = {0360-1285},
pages = {100967},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360128521000654},
volume = {88},
abstract = {A critical review of the existing Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) modeling, optimization, diagnosis, and control challenges and the promising state-of-the-art Machine Learning (ML) solutions for them is provided in this paper. Some of the major challenges include Real Driving Emission (RDE) modeling and control, combustion knock detection and control, combustion mode transition in multi-mode engines, combustion noise modeling and control, combustion instability and cyclic variability control, costly and time-consuming engine calibration, and fault diagnostics of some ICE components. In this paper, conventional ICE modeling approaches are discussed along with their limitations for realtime ICE optimization and control. Promising ML approaches to address ICE challenges are then classified into three main groups of unsupervised learning, supervised learning, and reinforcement learning. The working principles of each approach along with their advantages and disadvantages in addressing ICE challenges are discussed. ML-based grey-box approach is proposed as a solution that combines the benefits from physics-based and ML-based models to provide robust and high fidelity solutions for ICE modeling and control challenges. This review provides in-depth insight into the applications of ML for ICEs and provides recommendations for future directions to address ICE challenges.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Progress in Energy and Combustion Science},
keywords = {Internal combustion engines, Combustion control, Optimization, Artificial intelligence, Machine learning, Emissions, Energy},
year = {2022}
}
@article{Saeid_Energies2021,
author = {Saeid Shahpouri and Armin Norouzi Yengeje and Christopher Hayduk and Reza Rezaei and Mahdi Shahbakhti and Charles Robert Koch},
journal = {Energies},
title = {Hybrid machine learning approaches and a systematic model selection process for predicting soot emissions in compression ignition engines},
doi = {10.3390/en14237865},
issn = {1996-1073},
number = {23},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/23/7865},
volume = {14},
article-number = {7865},
groups = {Journal},
year = {2021}
}
@article{Wine2022,
author = {Osnat Wine and Alvaro Osornio Vargas and Sandra M. Campbell and Vahid Hosseini and Charles Robert Koch and Mahdi Shahbakhti},
date = {2022-01},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
title = {Cold Climate Impact on Air-Pollution-Related Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph19031473},
number = {3},
pages = {1473},
volume = {19},
groups = {Journal},
publisher = {{MDPI} {AG}},
year = {2022}
}
@article{Chen2022,
author = {Chen, Kerry and Nishida, Robert T. and Koch, Charles Robert and Olfert, Jason S.},
journal = {Aerosol Science and Technology},
title = {Development and testing of a universal aerosol conditioner},
doi = {10.1080/02786826.2022.2030463},
issn = {0278-6826},
number = {0},
pages = {1--12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2022.2030463},
urldate = {2022-02-26},
volume = {0},
abstract = {A general purpose aerosol conditioning device called the Universal Aerosol Conditioner (UAC) has been designed and tested. The device may be used to condition an aerosol in multiple ways: dilute the entire aerosol (gas- and particle-phase), dilute only a gas-phase component of the aerosol without diluting the particle concentration, denude the aerosol by removing semi-volatile material from the particle phase, and humidify or dehumidify an aerosol. The UAC accomplishes these processes by bringing the aerosol into contact with sheath air and allowing enough time for gas-phase components of the aerosol to diffuse into the sheath flow. A model was developed to assess the theoretical performance of the UAC and was solved numerically. From the model it was determined that two parameters dictated the rate of diffusion between the two flows: the P�clet number and the ratio of sheath-to-aerosol flow rates. A prototype was designed and built and the theory of operation was experimentally validated by measuring the particle penetration efficiency and the gas dilution factor at various particle sizes and flow conditions. The results showed that at low aerosol and sheath flows, the prototype behaved closely to the theoretical model but diverged from the theory once the sheath flows were increased, presumably due to mixing between the two flows.Copyright � 2022 American Association for Aerosol Research},
file = {Full Text PDF:https\://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02786826.2022.2030463:application/pdf},
groups = {Journal},
keywords = {Jingkun Jiang},
publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
year = {2022}
}
@article{CEP_Norouzi_2022,
author = {Armin Norouzi and Saeid Shahpouri, David Gordon and Alexander Winkler and Eugen Nuss and Dirk Abel and Jakob Andert and Mahdi Shahbakhti and Charles Robert Koch},
title = {Deep learning based model predictive control for compression ignition engines},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2022.105299},
issn = {0967-0661},
pages = {105299},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967066122001472},
volume = {127},
abstract = {Machine learning (ML) and a nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) are used in this paper to minimize the emissions and fuel consumption of a compression ignition engine. In this work machine learning is applied in two methods. In the first application, ML is used to identify a model for implementation in model predictive control optimization problems. In the second application, ML is used as a replacement of the NMPC where the ML controller learns the optimal control action by imitating or mimicking the behavior of the model predictive controller. In this study, a deep recurrent neural network including long�short term memory (LSTM) layers are used to model the emissions and performance of an industrial 4.5 liter 4-cylinder Cummins diesel engine. This model is then used for model predictive controller implementation. Then, a deep learning scheme is deployed to clone the behavior of the developed controller. In the LSTM integration, a novel scheme is used by augmenting hidden and cell states of the network in an NMPC optimization problem. The developed LSTM-NMPC and the imitative NMPC are compared with the Cummins calibrated Engine Control Unit (ECU) model in an experimentally validated engine simulation platform. Results show a significant reduction in Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions and a slight decrease in the injected fuel quantity while maintaining the same load. In addition, the imitative NMPC has a similar performance as the NMPC but with a two orders of magnitude reduction of the computation time.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Control Engineering Practice},
keywords = {Deep learning, Machine learning, Nonlinear model predictive Control, Imitation controller, Internal combustion engine, Emission reduction},
year = {2022}
}
@article{SHAHPOURI2023126187,
author = {Saeid Shahpouri and Armin Norouzi and Christopher Hayduk and Alexander Fandakov and Reza Rezaei and Charles Robert Koch and Mahdi Shahbakhti},
journal = {Fuel},
title = {Laminar Flame Speed modeling for Low Carbon Fuels using methods of Machine Learning},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126187},
issn = {0016-2361},
pages = {126187},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236122030113},
volume = {333},
abstract = {Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) methods are designed to accurately predict Laminar Flame Speed (LFS) over the entire engine operating range for Ammonia (NH3), Hydrogen (H2), and Methanol (CH3OH). These are promising zero-carbon or low-carbon alternative fuels for the transportation sector but require combustion models to optimize and control the engine performance. These developed Machine Learning (ML) methods provide an LFS prediction that requires several orders of magnitude less computation time than the original thermo-kinetic combustion mechanisms but has similar accuracy. Then an SVM and an ANN LFS model for blends of the three fuels was developed by combining LFS datasets of different fuels. Results show that for single fuels, ANN shows better performance than SVM and can predict the LFS with a correlation coefficient Rtest2 higher than 0.999. For fuel blends, SVM has better performance with Rtest2 close to 0.999. These predictive ML LFS models can be integrated into 0D and 1D engine models and their low computation time makes them useful for engine development and for future model-based combustion control applications.},
groups = {Journal},
keywords = {Laminar Flame Speed, Hydrogen, Methanol, Ammonia, Machine Learning},
year = {2023}
}
@article{Gordon2022,
author = {David C. Gordon and Armin Norouzi and Alexander Winkler and Jakub McNally and Eugen Nuss and Dirk Abel and Mahdi Shahbakhti and Jakob Andert and Charles R. Koch},
journal = {Energies},
title = {End-to-End Deep Neural Network Based Nonlinear Model Predictive Control: Experimental Implementation on Diesel Engine Emission Control},
doi = {10.3390/en15249335},
number = {24},
pages = {9335},
volume = {15},
groups = {Journal},
publisher = {{MDPI} {AG}},
year = {2022}
}
@article{Xie2022,
author = {Junyao Xie and Jukka-Pekka Humaloja and Charles Robert Koch and Stevan Dubljevic},
journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Automatic Control},
title = {Constrained Receding Horizon Output Estimation of Linear Distributed Parameter Systems},
doi = {10.1109/tac.2022.3217111},
pages = {1--8},
groups = {Journal},
publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ({IEEE})},
year = {2022}
}
@article{SHAHPOURI2023,
author = {Saeid Shahpouri and David Gordon and Christopher Hayduk and Reza Rezaei and Charles Robert Koch and Mahdi Shahbakhti},
title = {Hybrid emission and combustion modeling of hydrogen fueled engines},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.03.153},
issn = {0360-3199},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319923012156},
abstract = {Zero carbon fuels can be used to reduce CO2 emissions from internal combustion engines. Hydrogen is an important zero-carbon fuel that can be used as the primary fuel for spark ignition (SI) engines or in dual-fuel operation in compression ignition (CI) engines. The combustion properties of hydrogen often result in high combustion temperature which produces harmful nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. To reduce NOx and soot emissions from hydrogen fueled engines, an engine can be optimized using a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) setup to reduce calibration efforts for the engine. In addition, optimal model based combustion control (MCC) can reduce engine-out emissions. Both of HIL and MCC techniques require fast and accurate NOx and soot emission models. The accuracy of a fast physics-based engine model with pre-mixed combustion is dependent on predicting the laminar flame speed (LFS). In this study, LFS is predicted using an artificial neural network (ANN) machine learning (ML) method. Then the LFS model and engine combustion model are validated for both an SI hydrogen engine and for a CI hydrogen-diesel engine. Next, black-box and gray-box soot and NOx emission models are developed for the hydrogen-diesel engine using ANN, support vector machine (SVM) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) methods with different feature-sets and compared with the a common one-dimensional physics-based NOx model. The developed gray-box emission models can predict NOx and soot emissions with an Rtest2 value of higher than 0.99 which makes them suitable for engine HIL setups where accuracy is very important. On the other hand, the black-box emission models can predict NOx and soot emissions with Rtest2 value higher than 0.95 with a run time thousands of times faster than the gray-box models. This makes the black-box models suitable for model-based real time hydrogen combustion control where limited computational power is available.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Hydrogen, Internal combustion engine, Machine learning, Hybrid modeling, Emissions},
year = {2023}
}
@article{JAUTO_HR_2023,
author = {Hamidreza Abediasl and Amir Ansari and Vahid Hosseini and Charles Robert Koch and Mahdi Shahbakhti},
title = {Real-time vehicular fuel consumption estimation using machine learning and on-board diagnostics data},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070231185609},
abstract = {Instantaneous fuel consumption estimation of fleet vehicles provides essential tools for fleet operation optimization and intelligent fleet management. This study aims to develop practical and accurate models to estimate instantaneous fuel consumption based on on-board diagnostics (OBD) data. Fuel consumption data is measured by a high-precision fuel flow meter. Two machine learning algorithms of Random Forest (RF) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are trained with real-world urban and highway driving data of four fleet vehicles with different types and powertrain systems. In addition, the cold-start period of the vehicle operation is included to cover the fuel consumption penalty in the warm-up period. The validation results show that the RF method is more accurate than the ANN method, and both of the machine learning models have a better accuracy compared to the existing fuel consumption calculation methods based on the engine control unit (ECU) parameters.},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Journal of Automobile Engineering, Part D},
year = {2023}
}
@article{Norouzi2023,
author = {Armin Norouzi and Saeid Shahpouri and David Gordon and Mahdi Shahbakhti and Charles Robert Koch},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering},
title = {Safe deep reinforcement learning in diesel engine emission control},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/09596518231153445},
pages = {095965182311534},
groups = {Journal},
publisher = {{SAGE} Publications},
year = {2023}
}
@article{Norouzi2023a,
author = {Armin Norouzi and Hamed Heidarifar and Hoseinali Borhan and Mahdi Shahbakhti and Charles Robert Koch},
journal = {Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence},
title = {Integrating Machine Learning and Model Predictive Control for automotive applications: A review and future directions},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.105878},
pages = {105878},
volume = {120},
comment = {in dirctory MPC_AI_AUTO2021},
groups = {Journal},
publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
year = {2023}
}
@article{Xie_Autom_23,
author = {Junyao Xie and Jukka-Pekka Humaloja and Charles Robert Koch and Stevan Dubljevic},
date = {2023-12},
journal = {Automatica},
title = {Approximate moving horizon estimation for switching conservative linear infinite-dimensional systems},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2023.111306},
pages = {111306},
volume = {158},
groups = {Journal},
publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
year = {2023}
}
@article{Abediasl2023,
author = {Hamidreza Abediasl and Navid Balazadeh Meresht and Hossein Alizadeh and Mahdi Shahbakhti and Charles Robert Koch and Vahid Hosseini},
date = {2023-11},
title = {Road transportation emissions and energy consumption in cold climate cities},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101697},
pages = {101697},
volume = {52},
groups = {Journal},
journal = {Urban Climate},
publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
year = {2023}
}
@article{Jiang2023,
author = {Jiang, Luo and Kheyrollahi, Javad and Koch, Charles Robert and Shahbakhti, Mahdi},
date = {2023-11},
journal = {SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles},
title = {Performance Analysis of Cooperative Truck Platooning under Commercial Operation during Canadian Winter Season},
doi = {10.4271/12-07-02-0012},
issn = {2574-075X},
number = {2},
volume = {7},
groups = {Journal},
publisher = {SAE International},
year = {2023}
}
@article{Bussiere2024,
author = {Bussiere, Mathew and Bessa, Guilherme M. and Koch, Charles R. and Nobes, David S.},
journal = {Fluids},
title = {Application of a Combinatorial Vortex Detection Algorithm on 2 Component 2 Dimensional Particle Image Velocimetry Data to Characterize the Wake of an Oscillating Wing},
doi = {10.3390/fluids9030053},
issn = {2311-5521},
number = {3},
pages = {53},
volume = {9},
groups = {Journal},
publisher = {MDPI AG},
year = {2024}
}
@article{Cassol2024,
author = {Cassol, Guilherme Ozorio and Koch, Charles Robert and Dubljevic, Stevan},
date = {2024-06},
journal = {Journal of Process Control},
title = {The chemostat reactor: A stability analysis and model predictive control},
doi = {10.1016/j.jprocont.2024.103223},
issn = {0959-1524},
pages = {103223},
volume = {138},
groups = {Journal},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
year = {2024}
}
@article{Tofigh2024,
author = {Tofigh, Mohamadali and Salehi, Zeynab and Kharazmi, Ali and Smith, Daniel J. and Hanifi, Amir Reza and Koch, Charles Robert and Shahbakhti, Mahdi},
date = {2024-06},
journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
title = {Transient modeling of a solid oxide fuel cell using an efficient deep learning HY-CNN-NARX paradigm},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234555},
issn = {0378-7753},
pages = {234555},
volume = {606},
groups = {Journal},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
year = {2024}
}
@article{Jiang2024,
author = {Jiang, Luo and Kheyrollahi, Javad and Koch, Charles Robert and Shahbakhti, Mahdi},
date = {2024-04},
journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering},
title = {Cooperative truck platooning trial on Canadian public highway under commercial operation in winter driving conditions},
doi = {10.1177/09544070241245477},
issn = {2041-2991},
groups = {Journal},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
year = {2024}
}
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