chmod Command

Purpose

Changes file modes.

Syntax

To Change File Modes Symbolically

chmod [ -R ] [ -h ] [ -f ] [ [ u ] [ g ] [ o ] | [ a ] ] { { - | + | = } [ r ] [ w ] [ x ] [ X ] [ s ] [ t ] } { File ... | Directory ... }

To Change File Modes Numerically

chmod [ -R ] [ -h ] [ -f ] PermissionCode { File ... | Directory ... }

Description

The chmod command modifies the mode bits and the extended access control lists (ACLs) of the specified files or directories. The mode can be defined symbolically or numerically (absolute mode).

When a symbolic link is encountered and you have not specified the -h flag, the chmod command changes the mode of the file or directory pointed to by the link and not the mode of the link itself. If you specify the -h flag, the chmod command prevents this mode change.

If you specify both the -h flag and the -R flag, the chmod command descends the specified directories recursively, and when a symbolic link is encountered, the mode of the file or directory pointed to by the link is not changed.

Flags

Symbolic Mode

To specify a mode in symbolic form, you must specify three sets of flags.

Note: Do not separate flags with spaces.

The first set of flags specifies who is granted or denied the specified permissions, as follows:

The second set of flags specifies whether the permissions are to be removed, applied, or set:

The third set of flags specifies the permissions that are to be removed, applied, or set:

Numeric or Absolute Mode

The chmod command also permits you to use octal notation for the mode. The numeric mode is the sum of one or more of the following values:

Notes:

1. Specifying the mode numerically disables any extended ACLs. Refer to "Access Control Lists" in AIX Version 4.3 System User's Guide: Operating System and Devices for more information.
2. Changing group access permissions symbolically also affects the extended ACL entries. The group entries in the ACL that are equal to the owning group of the file are denied any permission that is removed from the mode. Refer to "Access Control Lists" for more information.
3. You can specify multiple symbolic modes separated with commas. Operations are performed in the order they appear from left to right.
4. You must specify the mode symbolically when removing the set-group-ID-on-execution permission from directories.

Security

Access Control: This program should be installed as a normal user program in the Trusted Computing Base.

Only the owner of the file or the root user can change the mode of a file.

Exit Status

This command returns the following exit values:

Examples

1. To add a type of permission to several files:

   chmod  g+w  chap1  chap2

   This adds write permission for group members to the files chap1 and chap2.
2. To make several permission changes at once:

   chmod  go-w+x  mydir

   This denies group members and others the permission to create or delete files in mydir (go-w) and allows group members and others to search mydir or use it in a path name (go+x). This is equivalent to the command sequence:

   chmod  g-w  mydir
   chmod  o-w  mydir
   chmod  g+x  mydir
   chmod  o+x  mydir

3. To permit only the owner to use a shell procedure as a command:

   chmod  u=rwx,go= cmd

   This gives read, write, and execute permission to the user who owns the file (u=rwx). It also denies the group and others the permission to access cmd in any way (go=).

   If you have permission to execute the cmd shell command file, then you can run it by entering:

   cmd

   Note: Depending on the PATH shell variable, you may need to specify the full path to the cmd file.

4. To use Set-ID Modes:

   chmod  ug+s  cmd

   When the cmd command is executed, the effective user and group IDs are set to those that own the cmd file. Only the effective IDs associated with the child process that runs the cmd command are changed. The effective IDs of the shell session remain unchanged.

   This feature allows you to permit access to restricted files. Suppose that the cmd program has the Set-User-ID Mode enabled and is owned by a user called dbms. The user dbms is not actually a person, but might be associated with a database management system. The user betty does not have permission to access any of dbms's data files. However, she does have permission to execute the cmd command. When she does so, her effective user ID is temporarily changed to dbms, so that the cmd program can access the data files owned by the user dbms.

   This way the user betty can use the cmd command to access the data files, but she cannot accidentally damage them with the standard shell commands.

5. To use the absolute mode form of the chmod command:

   chmod  644  text

   This sets read and write permission for the owner, and it sets read-only mode for the group and others. This also removes all extended ACLs that might be associated with the file.
6. To recursively descend directories and change file and directory permissions given the tree structure:

   ./dir1/dir2/file1

   ./dir1/dir2/file2

   ./dir1/file1

   enter this command sequence:

   chmod -R 777 f*

   which will change permissions on ./dir1/file1.

   But given the tree structure of:

   ./dir1/fdir2/file1

   ./dir1/fdir2/file2

   ./dir1/file3

   the command sequence:

   chmod -R 777 f*

   will change permissions on:

   ./dir1/fdir2

   ./dir1/fdir2/file1

   ./dir1/fdir2/file2

   ./dir1/file3

File

Related Information

The acledit command, aclget command, aclput command, chown command, chgrp command, ls command.

The chmod subroutine, fchmod subroutine.

File Ownership and User Groups in AIX Version 4.3 System User's Guide: Operating System and Devices introduces file ownership and permissions to access files and directories.

Security Administration in AIX Version 4.3 System Management Guide: Operating System and Devices describes system security.

Trusted Computing Base Overview in AIX Version 4.3 System Management Guide: Operating System and Devices describes the part of the system that is responsible for enforcing system information security policies.