J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci (www.cspscanada.org) 8(3):528-535, 2005

Isolation and characterization of methyl esters and derivatives from Euphorbia kansui (Euphorbiaceae) and their inhibitory effects on the human SGC-7901 cells.

Fa-Rong Yu1, Xiu-Zhen Lian1, Hong-Yun Guo2, Peter M. McGuire3, Ren-De Li4, Rui Wang4, Fa-Hong Yu3

1 School of Public Security, Gansu Institute of Political Science and Law, Lanzhou 730070, China
2 Department of pharmacology, Gansu Academy of Medical Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
4 School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

 

Received May 16, 2005, Revised September 14, 2005, Accepted September 19, 2005, Published September 27, 2005

 

Corresponding Authors: Rui Wang, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, wangrui@lzu.edu.cn. Fahong Yu, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA, fyu@ufl.edu

 

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Abstract PURPOSE. In this study, the inhibitory activity of the methyl esters and derivatives extracted from Euphorbia kansui (Euphorbiaceae) and their effect on apoptosis and cell cycle distribution in the human gastric cancer cell line (SGC-7901) were evaluated. METHODS. The inhibitory activity of the methyl esters and derivatives was evaluated by using trypan-blue, MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2yl) - 2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), and FCM (flow cytometry) assays. 5-fluorouracile (5-FU) was used for a positive control. RESULTS. Six new methyl esters and derivatives were extracted from the root of E. kansui. Subjecting the SGC-7901 cell line to the extract indicated that methyl ester derivatives could initiate growth inhibition and induce apoptosis in these tumor cells. The inhibitory rates as measured from trypan-blue and MTT assays were significantly increased and are comparable to those of the common antitumor agent 5-FU. In addition, the methyl ester extract effectively inhibited the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells by interfering with the progression of the cells through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. CONCLUSION. The current study indicates that methyl esters might be a promising chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent for treating various forms of cancer by causing apoptosis and proliferation inhibition.

 

INTRODUCTION

Euphorbia kansui (Euphorbiaceae), commonly known as Mao Eryan in Chinese medicine grows widely in northwestern and northern China. E. kansui has been characterized as one of the best therapeutically among those Euphorbia species that have been used in herbal remedies for use as an analgesia (1) and for treating ascites, leukemia (2, 3), whooping cough, pancreatitis, and some tumors (4, 5).

The chemical constituents of E. kansui and their biological effects, such as antiinflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and antiproliferative activities, have been reported in recent research (5-9). Besides polycyclic diterpenes, ingenane-type diterpenes, euphols, and triterpenes, some molecules with low molecular weight or short alkyl chains were also extracted from E. kansui; these include derivatives of sterols and phenols, and vegetable acids (10). The low-molecular-weight molecules show an even higher cytotoxic activity and exhibited better antiproliferative and antitumor properties, compared with those of high-molecular-weight polymers (11, 12). However, the inhibitory activities of methyl esters with low molecular weight have not been characterized, and the underlying mechanisms of antitumor activity and apoptosis induced by E. kansui have remained largely unknown. 

Apoptosis is a fundamental cellular activity to maintain the physiological balance of the organism and plays a necessary role as a protective mechanism against carcinogenesis by eliminating damaged cells or cells that proliferate excessively (13). Knowing the background level of apoptotic cells throughout the drug discovery and screening process becomes increasingly important, as recent studies have found that natural and synthetic compounds affect apoptosis. Chemoprevention and chemotherapy, including the use of natural products, synthetic compounds, or dietary substances, are promising ways to stop or reverse the process of carcinogenesis. In this study, the inhibitory activity of the methyl esters and derivatives isolated from E. kansui and their effect on apoptosis and cell cycle distribution in the human gastric cancer cell line (SGC-7901) were evaluated by using trypan-blue, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2yl)- 2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide), and FCM (flow cytometry) assays. 5-fluorouracile (5-FU), the most widely used chemotherapeutic drug in clinical practice, was used for a positive control.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant Materials

The plant Euphorbia kansui was collected in Tianshui, China, by the Gansu Provincial Medical Company in October 2003 and the voucher specimen was retained in our laboratory for future reference. To increase the overall extract yield, the air-dried roots of E. kansui (1 kg) were pulverized in a grinder and dissolved in acetone for 20 min at 60 oC. After filtration, the solid residue was soaked in 2% tartaric acid and incubated at room temperature for 30 min. The resulting fluid was extracted with ethanol-chloroform (1:1). The extract was then mixed with 2% Na2CO3 and 100% ethanol, concentrated under reduced pressure, and lyophilized to yield 127.3 g light yellow extract. The extract was purified by HPLC method and the chemical constituents were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 

Cell Cultures

The human gastric SGC-7901 cell line was obtained from the Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which provides SGC-7901 for research for a long time. Cells were routinely maintained at 37 oC in 5% CO2 as subconfluent monolayers in 20 ml culture flasks in the laboratory of Lanzhou Army Hospital in China. Prior to treatment, the cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2% penicillin-streptomycin, and 1% L-glutamine overnight. The experimental procedure was approved by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.

Biological Assays

Live-cell cultures are dynamic, and the proportion of viable, dead, and apoptotic cells continuously fluctuates as a culture grows. Several assays were employed to evaluate cell health at various times during screening, including trypan-blue, MTT, and FCM. The solvent control contained dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration less than 0.003%. 5-FU and PBS (phosphate buffered saline) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively.

1) Trypan-blue assay

To screen the proportion of apoptotic cells during the time course of screening, cells at a concentration of 1.0*105 cells/ml were plated into 5 disposable 96-well culture plates, containing 180µl of growth medium per well. After 24 h incubation at 37 oC in an incubator supplemented with 5% CO2, 20 µl of PBS, 5-FU (10µg/ml), or the extract of E. kansui at doses of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0µg/ml were applied to 16 wells of each plate, respectively. 

Plates were incubated at 37 oC in an incubator supplemented with 5% CO2, and were analyzed at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h. For each well, after removal of the supernatant, 20 µl of 0.01% trypsin, 160 µl RPMI 1640 medium, and 20µl of 0.4% trypan-blue were then added. Cytotoxicity (the cellular growth inhibitory rate) was determined from the number of viable cells (no color) in treated samples as a percentage of the PBS control.

2) MTT colorimetric assay

The MTT assay is commonly applied as a preliminary screen to quantify cell proliferation, viability, cytoxicity, and sensitivity (14, 15). The SGC-7901 cell line at a concentration of 2.5*105 cells/ml was plated in a 96-well disposable plate containing 180µl of growth medium (RPMI 1640) per well. After incubation for 24 h at 37 oC in an incubator supplemented with 5% CO2, 20 µl of PBS, 5-FU (10 µg/ml), or the extract of E. kansui at doses of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 µg/ml were applied to 16 wells, respectively. The plate was incubated for 48 h at 37 oC in an incubator supplemented with 5% CO2. After the addition of 10 µl of MTT suspended in PBS (5 mg/ml) to each well, the plate was incubated for further 4 h. Then the supernatant was discarded, 100 µl solvent control (DMSO) was applied to each well, and the plate was shaken for 10 min. The optical density was read at 494 nm (OD494) in an enzyme-linked immunodetector (MULTISKAN MK3, Shanghai, China), and the inhibitory rate (IR) was calculated by the following formula:

Inhibitory rate (IR) = (1 - average OD494 of treated group/average OD494 of the PBS control) * 100%.
3)
FCM assay

To quantify apoptosis by flow cytometry, cell lines in this study were treated with propidium iodide and RNAase for DNA fragmentation analysis. Cells at a concentration of 2.0*106 cells/ml were inoculated into five 20ml-culture-flasks containing 4 ml of RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 2% penicillin-streptomycin, and 1% L-glutamine. After incubation for 24 h at 37 oC in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2, the supernatant was discarded, and 500 µl of 5-FU (10µg/ml), PBS, or the extracts of E. kansui (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0µg/ml) were added to the culture flasks, respectively. After 48 h incubation, the supernatant was removed, and 2 ml of 0.01% trypsin were added to separate monolayer cells. After treatment, cells were collected by centrifugation at 1,000 rpm for 5 min, fixed with 75% cold ethanol, and incubated for 24 h at 0-4 oC. After removal of ethanol, cells were resuspended in PBS containing 50 mg/ mL RNase A and 10 mg/mL propidium iodide, followed by incubation at 37 oC for 1 h. Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) (Coulter EPICS XL, US).

Statistical Analysis

In the statistical analysis, differences between the treated and the PBS groups were compared using Student's t-tests, with differences at the p<0.05 level considered statistically significant.

 

RESULTS

Six methyl esters or derivatives were isolated from the extract of E. kansui, and their chemical structures and compositions were identified by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Figure 1). The Methyl ester derivatives include (A) 11,13-eicosadienoic acid methyl ester (23.5%); (B) 12-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (21.6%); (C) (Z, Z)-methyl ester-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (17.5%); (D) 10-methyl-heptadecanoic acid methyl ester (13.1%); (E) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (11.5%); and (F) methyl ester –5-oxo-DL-proline (11.4%). Subjecting the SGC-7901 cells to the extract of E. kansui confirmed that these methyl ester derivatives could initiate growth inhibition of the SGC-7901 cells and induce apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Their inhibitory effects are comparable to those of the common antitumor agent 5-FU.

The extract of E. kansui stimulated cellular proliferation and decreased cellular viability as determined by the MTT assay; this effect was dose-dependent. After 48 h incubation with the E. kansui extract at doses of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0µg/ml, the inhibitory rates (IR) for tumor cells were increased by 36.3%, 70.7%, and 85.9%, respectively (Figure 2). The 50% inhibition (IC50) was 0.265µg/ml.

Viability assays measure the percentage of a cell suspension that is viable. When the cell line was subjected to the trypan-blue assay, the extract treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the average number of tumor cells at 48 hours. The cellular growth inhibitory rates were increased by 28.5%, 62.2%, and 73.5%, respectively (Figure 3), in a time-dependent manner. The IC50 was 0.928µg/ml.

 

 

Figure 1: Chemical structures of the methyl esters and derivatives isolated from Euphorbia kansui. (A) 11, 13-eicosadienoic acid methyl ester. (B) 12-octadecenoic acid methyl ester. (C) (Z, Z)-methyl ester-9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid. (D) 10-methyl-heptadecanoic acid methyl ester. (E) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester. (F) methyl ester –5-oxo-DL-proline.

 

 

 

Figure 2: Inhibition of SGC-7901 cells by the methyl esters and derivatives at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0µg/ml, assessed by the MTT assay and expressed as a percentage of the PBS control values. * and ** indicate statistically different from the control at P<0.05 and P<0.001 level, respectively.

 

 

 

Figure 3: Proliferative inhibition of SGC-7901cells by the methyl esters and derivatives assessed by the trypan-blue assay and expressed as a percentage of the PBS control values. Cells that proliferated in 96-well plates were incubated with different concentrations (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0µg/ml) of the extract for various time intervals. ** indicates statistically significant (P<0.001) differences from control.

 

Apoptosis is marked by a series of characteristics, such as loss of cell volume, clumping of chromatin and nuclear fragmentation into apoptotic bodies. Measurement of DNA content makes it possible to identify apoptotic cells and to recognize the cell cycle phase specificity of the apoptotic process (16). The effect of methyl esters and derivatives on the cell cycle progression of the SGC-7901 cells was confirmed by flow cytometry. As shown in Figure 4, compared with the PBS control, the methyl ester derivatives effectively inhibited the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells by interfering with the progression of cells through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. A sub-peak of apoptotic cells with high DNA content values was observed before the G1 period, and the cellular apoptosis rates were enhanced markedly by 23.3%, 28.8%, and 38.2%, when the cells were treated at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0µg/ml, respectively

 

 

Figure 4: DNA content frequency histograms of SGC-7901cells with treatment of the methyl esters and derivatives. The Y-axis is the number of cells. Cells were fixed with ethanol and stained with propidium iodide, and then cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow-cytometry. (A) Cell cycle following treatment with PBS. (B) Cell cycle following treatment with 5-FU. (CE) Cell cycles following treatment with the E. kansui at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0µg/ml, respectively.

 

DISCUSSION

A large number of plant extracts of various species of the genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) are used for the treatment of various diseases in traditional Chinese medicine (6, 8, 14-17). Previous studies have reported that the extract of E. kansui has an antitumor effect on neoplastic cells, as well as inhibiting proliferation and stimulating differentiation in multiple cancer cell lines, such as non-small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, and renal cancer (2, 3, 9, 15, 18). Our study showed that methyl ester derivatives isolated from E. kansui, including several common aliphatics such as hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane, and eicosane, possess antitumor activity and exhibit potent cytotoxicity in the human cancer screening program. When the methyl ester compound was applied to human gastric cancer cells, the inhibitory and apoptosis rates were significantly increased (Figures 2 and 3). 

Methyl esters and derivatives isolated in this study are low-molecular weight polymers and are expected to confer a relatively high hydrophilicity to molecules, one factor that might be responsible for the enhancement of cytotoxicity (12). Our results clearly demonstrate a cause-effect relationship between vegetable acids and cytotoxic effect on tumor cells. When the cell line was subjected to the trypan-blue assay, the methyl ester treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the average number of tumor cells. The cellular growth inhibitory rates were increased by 28.5-73.5% in a time-dependent manner (Figure 3). At 48 h, the methyl ester treatment exhibited the greatest potency against cells at a concentration of 10.0µg/ml and had a greater effect than 5-FU at the same dose. Similar antitumor-promoting and cytotoxic effects were also observed with other methyl ester derivatives (15). More recent evidence indicates that aromatic amino acid methyl esters resulted in high cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 cells (19); betulinic acid possesses a broad spectrum of activity against cancer cell types, including anti-HIV activity, cytotoxicity, and antitumor properties (20, 21).

The typan-blue method is a technique using dye exclusion, whereby cells with an intact membrane are able to exclude the dye while cells without an intact membrane take up the coloring agent. Because all of the compounds extracted are highly lipid soluble, it may be possible that these compounds exert their effects via interaction with the membrane that change membrane fluidity and indirectly alter the Na+ current, resulting in disrupted membrane integrity. For instance, octadecenoic acid, which has been found to be a mechanism-based inhibitor of lipoxygenase, has been reported to be toxic in humans by blocking both the Na+ current and the transient outward K+ current (22).

Metabolic and ionic changes in cell culture are often associated with tumor cell proliferation, malignant characteristics, and loss of apoptosis. It has been reported that the treatment of euphane and tirucallane triterpenes resulted in an inhibition of proliferation and an induction of apoptosis, which are regarded as the preferred ways to manage cancer (9, 23). Further support for the observation of cytotoxicity of E. kansui to tumor cells came from the present experiments with the MTT assay. Our findings indicated that the decreased tumor cell growth was elicited by methyl esters. At hour 48, the inhibitory rate of tumor cell proliferation was increased by 36.3-85.9% in the cells treated with methyl ester extract. The cellular apoptosis rates determined by the flow cytometry assay were also enhanced significantly, by 23.3-38.2%. The maximal effect on proliferation inhibition was observed at a concentration of 10.0µg/ml, which is much better than that in antitumor activity of 5-FU.

Cancer is frequently considered a disease of the cell cycle. The apoptosis of tumor cells induced by methyl ester compounds can also been explained in terms of DNA degradation. Studies have verified the antiproliferative specificity of the methyl ester derivatives on proliferation of some tumor cell lines (11, 12, 24-27) and induction of apoptosis (28). The high molecular weight polymers isolated from E. kansui, including polycyclic- and ingenane-type diterpenes and euphane-type triterpenes, have antiproliferative and antitumor properties and significant cleavage arrest activity for cell division (9, 29). When tumor cells (SGC-7901) were treated with the extract, methyl ester compounds may interact with the cell membrane to alter permeability characteristics and then affect the entry or exit of amino acids and nucleotides known to regulate cellular metabolism (15), and thus result in cellular structural changes simultaneously with their functional changes in both physiological and pathological conditions. This effect implies that the methyl ester-induced disruption could functionally and structurally damage cell membrane as well as other cellular structures and ultimately cause cell death.

The formation of distinct DNA fragments is a biochemical hallmark of apoptosis, with internucleosomal DNA cleavage activity as a major characteristic (30). The normal metabolic cellular activities of the G1 period in cell division are in preparation for mitosis, including transcription, translation, and increase of cytoplasmic materials. The flow cytometry assay presented here suggests a possible association between methyl esters and cell cleavage arrest activity. As shown in Figure 4, the methyl ester extract apparently affected the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells by interfering with the progression of the SGC-7901 cells through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. When tumor cells are treated with methyl ester compounds, apoptotic cells with high DNA content in the treated groups apparently accumulate during the G1 period, in comparison with the PBS control (Figures 4C to E). As a result, the synthesis of proteins involved in transcriptional regulation and cell cycle control and the completion of the S and M phases are delayed, giving rise to a plethora of cellular effects, not least of which is potential activation of pathways leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The DNA fragmentation and DNA degradation in G1 phase were also observed when the human leukemic HL-60 cell line was treated with Genistein (16). It is thus assumed that the antiproliferative properties demonstrated by the methyl ester extract are attributed to their ability to penetrate the nucleus and interact with nuclear targets, leading to DNA degradation, unscheduled proliferation, and possibly latent DNA replication in dividing cell. 

 

CONCLUSION

Our study has clearly demonstrated that methyl esters and derivatives may be promising chemopreventive agents for treating various forms of cancer by causing apoptosis and proliferation inhibition. As this species has not been previously screened against the cell line deployed in the present study, the present data are novel. However, the mechanism by which methyl ester analogues induce apoptosis in the cancer cell lines is as yet not completely understood, and it is still unclear how diverse cellular processes are coordinately deregulated in human cancer. An integration of phytomedical and biochemical studies will undoubtedly help extend this knowledge to therapeutic approaches.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank Laurie Wilkins (Florida Museum of Natural History, USA), whose comments and corrections of manuscript significantly improved the content of this paper. Support for this research was provided by a grant from the Gansu Institute of Political Science and Law, China (grant NO. GZF04-01).

 

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