End of the Republic
Young Caesar Gains in Stature
- Perusine War, 41
- Troubles caused by Antony's brother Lucius
- Champions discontent of dispossessed
- Caesar besieges L. Antonius in Perusia
- Caesar sacrifices the town councilors to shades of father
- "Don't mess with me"
- Agreement with Sex. Pompeius in late 30s
- Young Caesar adopts name "Imp. Caesar Divi filius" in 38
- "General Caesar, son of the God"
- Special nomenclature distinguishes him from normal humans
- Long tenure brings legitimacy
End of Sex. Pompeius
- Begins to loose stature in early 30s as Caesar's position becomes permanent
- Caesar tries to attack him unsuccessfully in early 30s
- Caesar's admiral M. Agrippa defeats Pompeius' navy, overruns Sicily in 36
- Lepidus co-operates by invading Sicily from Africa
- Lepidus' forces defect to Caesar
- Lepidus' life spared
- Lepidus spends next 20+ years in disgraced exile
- Caesars wants to shed blood-thirsty image, is preparing to become the restorer of peace
- Now Caesar and Antony only warlords left
Antony in East
- A general of his throws back major Parthian invasion, 40-39
- Antony remains in Greece to take advantage of situation in Italy if things go badly for Caesasr
- Antony launches unsuccessful invasion of Parthia, 36
- Manages to extract army (unlike Crassus back in 53)
- Antony associates himself closely to Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, in mid 30s
- Antony takes on attributes of a Hellenistic king
- "Dead end" attempt at creating new form of legitimacy
- "Donations" give Roman territory to Cleopatra and their common children and her son by Caesar the dictator
Final Showdown
- Imp. Caesar outmaneuvers Antony politically in 32
- War declared only on the foreign queen
- Makes reconciliation with Antony's supporters easier after victory
- Antony's supporters allowed to leave Rome
- All Roman citizens in west swear oath of personal allegiance to Caesar
- Caesar to be "leader" (dux)-unofficial title
- Gives legitimacy that is personal and goes beyond the empty old titles
- Antony gathers army in Greece in 31
- Antony and Cleopatra's navy destroyed at Actium in attempt to break out
- Antony and Cleopatra flee to Egypt
- Imp. Caesar invades Egypt, 31
- Antony, Cleopatra commit suicide
- Egypt annexed
- Imp. Caesar now undisputed master of Roman world
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