- Speak wide variety of languages
- Fixed agricultural populations
- Center urban areas formed around hill top fortifications
Early Roman Involvement
- P. Scipio cos. 218 takes army there at start of Hannibalic war
- P. Scipio (Africanus) ejects Carthaginians
- After Scipio leaves to become cos. 205, special elections held to choose new commanders
- Spain pacified by 199
- In 198 decision made to maintain permanent Roman presence
- Two new provinces
- Further Spain (Hispania ulterior)
- Nearer (Closer) Spain (Hispania citerior)
- Two new praetorships to provide governors
- Two new provinces
Start of Endless Revolts (199-179)
- Reduction of Roman forces ca. 199
- Revolts soon break out
- M. Porcius Cato ("Cato the Elder") cos. 195 sent out to restore order
- Supposedly wins major victories
- Wars go on
- Supposedly wins major victories
- Ti. Sempronius Gracchus pr. 180
- Makes long-lasting political settlement
- Peace for 20 yrs.
- Roman consolidation
- Natives exhausted
- Peace for 20 yrs.
- Makes long-lasting political settlement
Major Wars Resume (155-134)
- Major revolts in both provinces
- Bad faith on part of Romans
- Magistrates make unjustified attacks
- Senate rejects agreements made in the field
- Outgoing magistrates want glory of ending war
- New magistrates want war to go on, prevail on friends in senate to reject settlements
- Unprovoked attack on Lusitani leads to creation of court of provincial extortion (149)
- Impossible to curb imperium as such
- Attempt made to restrain greed (major cause of misuse of imperium)
- Cos. 137 forced to surrender army to Numantines
- P. Scipio Aemilianus illegally elected cos. 134
- As in 169 and 147, voters in centuriate assembly demand trusted commander after defeats
- Has to raise army of volunteers
- Numantia captured 134
- In 130s major resistance to conscription for wars in Spain
- After capture of Numantia, minor wars continue but no major resistance
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