Abraham, B.J. 1983. Spatial and Temporal
Patterns in a Sagebrush Steppe Spider Community (Arachnida, Araneae).
Journal of Arachnology 11(1): 31-50.
Adams, J. 1985. The Definition and
Interpretation of Guild Structure in Ecological Communities. Journal of
Animal Ecology 54(1): 43-59.
Beals, E.W. 1982. Bray-Curtis Ordination: and effective strategy for analysis of multivariate ecological data. Advances in Ecological Research 15:1-53.
Bonte, D., Criel, P., Vanhoutte, L., Van Thournout, I.
& Maelfait, J.P. 2004. The importance of habitat productivity, stability and
heterogeneity for spider species richness in coastal grey dunes along the
Buddle, C.M. 2000. Life history of
Pardosa moesta and
Pardosa mackenziana (Araneae, Lycosidae) in central
Buddle, C.M. 2001. Spiders (Araneae) associated with
downed woody material in a deciduous forest in central
Buddle, C.M., Spence, J.R. & Langor, D.W.
2000.
Succession of boreal forest spider assemblages following wildfire and
harvesting.
Ecography 23(4): 424-436.
Cardoso,
P., Silva, I., de Oliveira, N.G. & Serrano, A.R.M. 2004a.
Higher taxa surrogates of spider (Araneae)
diversity and their efficiency in conservation.
Biological Conservation 117(4): 453-459.
Cardoso,
P., Silva, I., de Oliveira, N.G. & Serrano, A.R.M. 2004b.
Indicator taxa of spider (Araneae)
diversity and their efficiency in conservation. Biological Conservation
120(4): 517-524.
Churchill, T.B. 1997. Spiders as ecological
indicators: an overview for
Clausen, I.H. 1986. The use of spiders (Araneae) as
ecological indicators. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 7(3):
83-86.
Coddington, J.A., Griswold, C.E., Silva, D., Peñaranda,
E. & Larcher, S. 1991. Designing and testing
sampling protocols to estimate biodiversity in tropical ecosystems. Pp
44-60. In: Dudley, E.C. (ed) Proceedings of the Fourth International
Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology Dioscorides Press,
Dondale, C.D. & Redner, J.H.
1978.
The insects and arachnids of
Dondale, C.D. & Redner, J.H.
1982.
The insects and arachnids of
Dondale, C.D. & Redner, J.H.
1990.
The insects and arachnids of
Dondale, C.D. & Redner, J.H.
1994.
Spiders (Araneae) of 6 Small Peatlands in Southern Ontario or
Dondale, C.D., Redner, J.H., Paquin, P. & Levi, H.W. 2003. The insect and arachnids of
Dufrene, M. & Legendre, P.
1997.
Species assemblages and indicator species: The need for a flexible
asymmetrical approach. Ecological Monographs 67(3): 345-366.
Enders, F. 1974. Vertical Stratification in
Orb-Web Spiders (Araneidae-Araneae) and a Consideration of Other Methods of
Coexistence.
Ecology 55(2): 317-328.
Halaj, J., Ross, D.W. & Moldenke, A.R.
1998.
Habitat structure and prey availability as predictors of the abundance and
community organization of spiders in western
Halaj, J., Ross, D.W. & Moldenke, A.R.
2000.
Importance of habitat structure to the arthropod food-web in Douglas-fir
canopies. Oikos 90(1): 139-152.
Halpern, C.B., McKenzie, D.,
Hazell, P. & Gustafsson, L.
1999. Retention of trees at final harvest - evaluation of a conservation
technique using epiphytic bryophyte and lichen transplants. Biological
Conservation 90(2): 133-142.
Heithecker, T.D. & Halpern, C.B.
2006.
Variation microclimate associated with dispersed-retention harvests in
coniferous forests of western
Hyvarinen, E., Kouki, J., Martikainen, P. &
Lappalainen, H. 2005. Short-term effects of controlled burning and
green-tree retention on beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages in managed boreal
forests.
Johnson, M.D. 2000. Evaluation of an arthropod
sampling technique for measuring food availability for forest insectivorous
birds. Journal of Field Ornithology 71(1): 88-109.
Jongman, R., C. ter Braak & O. van
Tongeren. 1995. Data Analysis in Community and Landscape
Ecology.
Kenkel, N.C. 2006. On selecting an appropriate multivariate analysis. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86(3):663-676.
Kenkel, N.C. & L. Orloci. 1986. Applying metric and non-metric multidimensional scaling to ecological studies - some new results. Ecology 67(4):919-928.
Koponen, S. 1987. Communities of Ground-Living
Spiders in 6 Habitats on a Mountain in
Koponen, S. 1990. Spiders (Araneae) on the cliffs
of the Forillon National Park, Quebec. Natrualiste Canadien 117: 161-165.
Koponen, S. 1993. Ground-living spiders (Araneae)
one year after fire in three subarctic forest types,
Koponen, S. 1994. Ground-Living Spiders, Opilionids,
and Pseudoscorpions of Peatlands in
Lubin, Y.D. 1978. Seasonal Abundance and
Diversity of Web-Building Spiders in Relation to Habitat Structure on
Magurran, A. 1988. Ecological diversity and its
measurement. 179 Pp.
Majer, J.D., Recher, H.F., Graham, R. & Gupta, R.
2003. Trunk invertebrate faunas of Western Australian forests and woodlands:
Influence of tree species and season. Austral Ecology 28(6): 629-641.
Mason, R.R. 1992. Populations of Arboreal Spiders (Araneae)
on Douglas-Firs and True Firs in the Interior Pacific-Northwest.
Environmental Entomology
21(1): 75-80.
Matveinen-Huju, K., Niemela, J., Rita, H. & O'Hara, R.B. 2006.
Retention-tree groups in clear-cuts: Do they constitute
'life-boats' for spiders and carabids?
McCune, B. & Grace, J.B.
2002.
Analysis of Ecological Communities.
300 p. MjM Software Design,
McCune, B. & Mefford, M.J.
2006.
PCORD: Multivariate analysis of ecological data, Version 5.10.
MjM Software,
McIver, J.D., Parsons, G.L. & Moldenke, A.R.
1992.
Litter Spider Succession after Clear-Cutting in a Western Coniferous
Moore, J.D., Ouimet, R., Camire, C. & Houle, D.
2002.
Effects of two silvicultural practices on soil fauna abundance in a northern
hardwood forest,
New, T.R. 1999. Untangling the web: Spiders and the
Challenges of Invertebrate Conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation
3(4): 251-256.
Nyffeler, M., Dean, D.A. & Sterling, W.L.
1989. Prey Selection and Predatory Importance of Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae,
Araneidae, Uloboridae) in
Oksanen, J., R. Kindt, P. Legendre, B. O'Hara & M.H.H. Stevens. 2007. vegan: Community Ecology package, R package version 1.8-8.
Oxbrough, A.G., Gittings, T., O'Halloran, J., Giller,
P.S. & Smith, G.F. 2005. Structural indicators of spider communities
across the forest plantation cycle.
Pajunen, T., Haila, Y., Halme, E., Niemela, J. &
Punttila, P. 1995. Ground-Dwelling Spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) in Fragmented
Pearce, J.L., Venier,
Pearce, J.L., Venier,
Pettersson, R.B. 1996. Effect of forestry on the
abundance and diversity of arboreal spiders in the boreal spruce forest. Ecography 19(3): 221-228.
Pickavance, J.R. 2001. Life-cycles of four
species of Pardosa (Araneae, Lycosidae) from the
Platnick, N.I. & Dondale, C.D.
1992.
The insects and arachnids of
Post, W.M. & Riechert, S.E.
1977. Initial Investigation into Structure of Spider Communities .1.
Competitive Effects. Journal of Animal Ecology 46(3): 729-749.
R Development Core Team
2007. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Viena.
Root, R.B. 1967. Niche Exploitation Pattern
of Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher. Ecological Monographs 37(4): 317-&.
Root, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
Plant-Arthropod Association in Simple and Diverse Habitats - Fauna of
Collards (Brassica-Oleracea). Ecological Monographs 43(1): 95-120.
Schowalter, T.D. 1995. Canopy Arthropod
Communities in Relation to Forest Age and Alternative Harvest Practices in
Schowalter, T.D. & Zhang, Y.L.
2005.
Canopy arthropod assemblages in four overstory and three understory plant
species in a mixed-conifer old-growth forest in
Schowalter, T.D., Zhang, Y.L. & Progar, R.A.
2005.
Canopy arthropod response to density and distribution of green trees
retained after partial harvest. Ecological Applications 15(5): 1594-1603.
Simberloff, D. & Dayan, T.
1991. The Guild Concept and the Structure of Ecological Communities. Annual
Review of Ecology and Systematics 22: 115-143.
Sissom, W.D. & Francke, O.F.
1983. Post-Birth Development of Vaejovis-Bilineatus Pocock (Scorpiones,
Vaejovidae). Journal of Arachnology 11(1): 69-75.
Ter Braak, C.J. 1986. Canonical Correspondence Analysis: A new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67:1167-1179.
Ter Braak, C.J. & A.P. Schaffers. 2004. Co-Correspondence analysis: A new ordination method to relate two community compositions. Ecology 85(3):834-846.
Uetz, G.W. 1977. Coexistence in a Guild of
Wandering Spiders. Journal of Animal Ecology 46(2): 531-541.
Uetz, G.W. 1991. Habitat structure and spider
foraging. Pp 325-348. In:
Uetz, G.W., Halaj, J. & Cady, A.B.
1999. Guild structure of spiders in major crops. Journal of Arachnology
27(1): 270-280.
Vanha-Majamaa, I. & Jalonen, J.
2001. Green tree retention in Fennoscandian forestry. Scandinavian Journal
of
Wise, D.H. 1993. Spiders in Ecological Webs.
342 p.
Work, T.T., Shorthouse, D.P., Spence, J.R., Volney,
W.J.A. & Langor, D. 2004. Stand composition and structure of the boreal
mixedwood and epigaeic arthropods of the Ecosystem Management Emulating
Natural Disturbance (EMEND) landbase in northwestern
Zenner, E.K. 2000. Do residual trees increase
structural complexity in